BIO FINAL CHP 14

DIGESTIVE

The digest system is made of a very long hollow tube called the ______ or the GI tract. Where does it start and where does it end?

alimentary canal… mouth→anus

The digestive system also has accessory organs that play a part in digesting food, what are they?

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, teeth

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract in the order innermost to outer most

mucosa, submucosa, mucularis externa, sercosa

What structure separates organs of the digestive system and acts as the gate keeper to control the passage of digesting food through the GI tract?

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES), Pyloric sphincter, Ileocecal valve (sphincter), Anal sphincters

What are the 5 basic functions of the Digestive System?

Ingestion, Propulsion, Digestion, Absorption, Defecation

What are the two types of motility in the GI tract?

Peristalsis_, Segmentation

What two structures in the mouth help to physically process the food before swallowing?

teeth, tongue

What are the 4 types of teeth? How many teeth do adults have? How many do children have?

Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars…. ADULT: 32, CHILD: 20

What glands secrete Saliva? How many pairs do you have?

Parotid, Submandibular Sublingual.. 3 pairs

-What are the components of Saliva?

water, mucus, Electrolytes, enzymes

What does salivary amylase do?

process of carbohydrate digestion in the mouth

Why is bicarbonate in saliva? Why is lysozyme in saliva?

maintain the pH balance… protecting the mouth from infections

-After swallowing chewed up food that ball of mash is officially called a bolus. That bolus is then swallowed into the __________ which is a common passageway for both food and air. Then the bolus makes its way to the ____________ since the epiglottis flap has blocked the entry to the trachea.

pharynx, esophagus

What motility type does the esophagus use to propel food to the stomach?

peristalsis

Once the bolus of food makes it to the stomach, it is introduced to a very acidic environment. The food is mixed in the stomach and becomes acidic and watery solution called____________.

What are the functions of the stomach?

storage food, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion

What are the two sphincters of the stomach?

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES), Pyloric Sphincter

The esophageal sphincter inhibits back flow of acidic chyme to the _________

esophagus

The pyloric sphincter controls the passage of chyme to the ____________

duodenum

The stomach cells secrete many things into the stomach what is responsible for making the environment so acidic?

parietal cells

What is secreted into the stomach to be converted into pepsin once introduced to the acid environment?

pepsinogen

What does pepsin do?

break down proteins

What does intrinsic factor do?

absorb vitamin B12 in the small intestine

Why is mucus secreted by the stomach cells?

mucous (or goblet) cells

How long does it take to empty the stomach after a meal?

• Light meal or liquids: 1 to 2 hours

• Average mixed meal: 3 to 4 hours

• High-fat or large meal: Up to 5–6 hours or more

What are the two main functions of the small intestine?

digestion, absorption

What are the three regions of the small intestine? Which one does the most digesting?

• Duodenum – the first and shortest section (about 10 inches long)

• Jejunum – the middle section

• Ileum – the final and longest section

What are the structures of the mucosa called that allow adaptation for absorption in the small intestine?

Plicae circulares, Villi, Microvilli

What are the two main secretions of the pancreas?

enzymes and bicarbonate

What does bicarbonate do?

Neutralize the acidic chyme

What are the 3 types of pancreatic digestive enzyme and what kind of food do they digest?

Amylase, Lipase, Proteases

There are 3 major things to know about the liver. What are they?

chemical processing plant, filter, and storage unit

What does the liver produce that the gall bladder stores?

bile

-What does the liver do for the system metabolically?

body’s powerhouse of nutrients

What portal system passes directly through the liver and what does it drain?

hepatic

Amino acids and carbohydrates are absorbed by  _______ transport of the cells lining the small intestine.

active

Lipids are absorbed into a different system than the other nutrients. Which system?

lymphatic system

-How is water absorbed?

osmosis

What are the functions of the large intestine?

absorbing water, forming stool, fermenting undigested food, and maintaining intestinal health

Give the order of the structures or the large intestine

• Cecum

• Ascending colon

• Transverse colon

• Descending colon

• Sigmoid colon

• Rectum

• Anus

nutrition

take in and utilize food for energy, growth, and maintenance

What are carbohydrates mainly used for in the body

immediate energy, stored energy, physical energy

What are the three types of lipids?

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids

-Proteins are made of amino acids; ________ amino acids are made in the human body, while __________ amino acids must be consumed since they are not made in the human body.

 

11 amino acids, 9 amino acids

-There are ______ amino acids that exist

20

How many vitamins are there?

13

-How many essential mineral are there?

16