NPB101 Systemic Physiology

First Lecture Set Only

Body Functions follow the____ of _____ and ______

laws, chemistry, physics

Cells, tissues and organs ______ in a coordinated fashion

interact/ work together

Cells, tissues and organs _____ with eachother

communicate

body function are usually _____ by 1 or more controllers

regulated

_____ drive movement of molecules

Gradients

What is a Gradient?

difference in height; ex: bowling ball going down hill

What is Homeostasis?

A body goal; body function to keep internal environment constant

What is the internal environment?

ECF, body fluids, plasma, brain ECF

What does Homeostasis keep constant?

Temperature, pH, glucose(fuel), gas concentrations, electrolytes

Why do you need to keep homeostasis constant?

Because disturbances in the internal environment can disrupt cellular function and life function

What body parameters get disturbed on a hot day?

salt levels, PO2;PCO2, Body Temp (T_B), “waste” lactic acid, glucose levels

What is a Homeostatic Reflex?

A response to CORRECT the disturbance (although not completely)

Is a Homeostatic Reflex involuntary?

Yes and its reflexive

Describe the Homeostatic Reflex

Your T_B is too high (39º) and a receptor detects that disturbance then transmits that info via the afferent pathway, then the C.P.U. processes the info that T_B is too high and makes a decision about disturbance, then it compares the input of our set point value of 37º, then after comparing it transmits info via the efferent pathway, the efferent pathway takes info from the CPU and “talks” to effector organ, the effector organ( skin) is the sweat glands and is a (+) disturbance, then the effect is sweating that lowers the disturbance as it negates T_B and this has a (-) effect on the initial disturbance of high T_B → negative feedback loop since The cooling effect of sweating reduces the initial stimulus

Is sweating a Negative or Positive Feedback Loop?

Negative Feedback

Is variance narrow or wide with T_B?

Narrow

Can your set point value change?

Yes

What are the Levels of Body “Organization”/ Hierarchy?

Chemical/Molecular, Cellular, Tissue-level, Organ-level, Organ System-level

What does the Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane do?

It separates environments with walls (ex: cytoplasm & ECF)

What makes up Plasma Membrane walls?

Phospholipids

What is between PM walls?

Intercellular Space

T/F, The head of a phospholipid is hydrophobic

False, the head is hydrophilic

T/F, The tail of a phospholipid is hydrophobic

True

What is the Tail of a Phospholipid made of up?

Glycerol & Fatty Acids

Are phospholipids set up as a monolayer or bilayer?

Bilayer

Can ions and proteins pass the Phospholipid Bilayer?

No, they cannot, but they CAN with the help of a channel or transporter protein

What is a Cytoskeleton?

Protein strands

What are/do Protein Strands do?

Give shape and strength to the cytoskeleton

What does the Cytoskeleton do?

use portions of protein strands to move/ “crawl” & change shape

The ER has a bunch of what on it?

Ribosomes

Mitochondria does?

ATP generation, fatty acid metabolism

T/F a Organelle/ER is non membrane bound?

False, it is membrane bound

T/F a Ribosome is non membrane bound?

True, and has an entity inside

What are Tissues?

A collection of cells; Grouping/clusters of cells that work together

How many types of Tissues are there? & Name them

-5

-10

-4

-3

4 types: Muscle Tissue, Connective Tissue, Nervous Tissue, Epithelial Tissue

What are the names of the Muscle Tissues?

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

What Muscle Tissue is this?

Skeletal

Is skeletal involuntary contracting? Describe it

No, it is Voluntary contracting and has stripes

What Muscle Tissue is this?

Cardiac

What Muscle Tissue is this?

Smooth

Is Cardiac involuntary contracting? Describe it

Yes, it is involuntary contracting and has stripes; heart tissue

Is Smooth involuntary contracting? Describe it

Yes, it is involuntary contracting, its a hollow organs~stomach, intestine

What is Contraction, Describe it, what tissue type

It is shortened(inward pull) and generates force(pulling) and generates heat(uses ATP/energy) in the Muscle Tissue

What does the Nervous Tissue do?

Communicates and Processes

What tissue is this?

Nervous Tissue

Does the neuron Process or Communicate? Explain.

It Communicates; Propagates (allow to move) the action potential

• the AP is the neurons way of communicating

  • neuron=messenger

  • AP= is the message

• the neuron creates the AP and sends it down the axon

Does the Astrocytes/ Oligodendrocytes(supporting cells) Process or Communicate? Explain.

They Process as it is necessary for neuron to do its job.

• they process in the sense that they perform essential support functions to make it possible for the neuron to send signals

  • Astrocyte: nutrient regulation

  • Oligodendrocytes: myelination that allows neuron to fxn properly

    • Myelination: wrapping a fatty layer (myelin) around axons of neurons

What Tissue is this?

Epithelial Tissue

What does the Epithelial Tissue do?

absorbs nutrients, give rise to endocrine tissues, protects

Epithelial Tissue: What does the Kidney do?

absorb water

Epithelial Tissue: What’s the function of the skin ?

Scratch resistant & waterproof

What are some Connective Tissues?

Adipose, Bone, Cartilage, Blood, Loose connective tissue (a cushion/padding one on butt)

What is the Function of Connective Tissue?

It has a variety for functions

Connective Tissue: What tissue is this and the function?

Adipose Tissue & is a storage site for lipids & also cushion organs

Connective Tissue: What tissue is this and the function?

Bone Tissue and is protects organs, provide structure, support

Connective Tissue: What tissue is this and the function?

Cartilage and cushions bones and provides flexibility

Connective Tissue: What tissue is this and the function?

Blood: transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste

FOR ALL TISSUE SYSTEMS they do NOT constitute function of body yet as they have to get into organ

for all 4 types

Organs are made up of _____ that work together

two or more tissues

Organs are organized into ______

organ system

A group of ____ perform activities that accomplish _____ _____.

organs, specific tasks

How many different organ systems do we have?

11-12

What System is this and what is the function?

Circulatory:Transports

What System is this and what is the function?

Digestive System: nutrient & water absorption

What System is this and what is the function?

Respiratory System: Gas Exchange

What System is this and what is the function?

Urinary/Renal System: recondition the blood—>pH & Homeostasis

What System is this and what is the function?

Skeletal System: Support & Movement

What System is this and what is the function?

Muscular System: movement, relaxation, & maintain posture

What System is this and what is the function?

Integumentary System: protect

What System is this and what is the function?

Immune System:

What System is this and what is the function?

Nervous System

What System is this and what is the function?

Endocrine System: produces and releases hormones

What System is this and what is the function?

Reproductive System: CAN take out and SURVIVE