Chapter 3: The Skeletal System

ankyl/o

crooked, bent, stiff

arthr/o

joint

chondr/i

cartilage

chondr/o

cartilage

cost/o

rib

crani/o

skull

-desis

to bind, tie together

kyph/o

bent, hump

lord/o

curve, swayback, bent

-lysis

loosening or setting free

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

oss/e

bone

oss/i

bone

ost/o

bone

oste/o

bone

scoli/o

curved

spondyl/o

vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

synovi/o

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

synov/o

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

-um

singular noun ending

acetabulum

the cup-shaped hollow in the hipbone into which the head of the femur fits to form a ball-and-socket joint

allogenic

From a relative or someone else. "Not from yourself"

ankylosing spondylitis

A form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae.

arthrodesis

A surgical procedure in which a joint is fused to prevent movement

arthrolysis

a therapy in which a joint is loosened of its restrictions

arthroscopy

A fiber-optic instrument is introduced into a joint cavity in order to visualize surfaces of bones entering into a joint, find tears in internal joint structures and evaluate sources of inflammation

autologous

From one self

chondroma

Benign cartilaginous tumor

chondromalacia

A pathologic state of softening with subsequent fibrillation, fissuring, and erosion of articular cartilage

comminuted fracture

Fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed

compression fracture

When the bone is pressed together on itself. Also known as vertebral crush fracture.

costochondritis

Inflammation of the costal cartilages

craniostenosis

A malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures

crepitation

A crackling sound indicative of bone ends grinding together

dual x-ray absorptiometry

A low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density

fibrous dysplasia

A bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue

hallux valgus

Deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toes, forming a bunion

hemarthrosis

Effusion of blood into a joint cavity

hemopoietic

Pertaining to the formation of blood cells

internal fixation

The use of internal wires, screws, or pins applied directly to bone segments to keep them in place.

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disorder that affects children aged 16 years or less with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue

kyphosis

"Humpback" - usually occurs as exaggerated curve in thoracic spine

laminectomy

Excision of lamina (posterior arch of vertebrae) to relieve pressure on the spinal nerves r/t herniated disc

lordosis

"Sway back"- exaggerated inner curve of lumbar area vertebrae

lumbago

Dull ache in the lumbar region of the back

malleolus

Protrusion on the side of the ankle. the lateral malleolus, at the lower end of the fibula, is seen on the outer ankle; the medial malleolus, at the lower end of the tibia, is seen on the inner ankle

manubrium

Handle; upper part of the sternum

metacarpals

Hand bones

metatarsals

Foot Bones

myeloma

A cancer originating in the cells of the bone marrow

open fracture

A fracture bone that pierces the skin

orthopedic surgeon

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles; also known as an orthopedist

orthotic

The science of making and fitting orthopedic devices

osteitis

Inflammation of the bone

osteoarthritis (OA)

"Degenerative Joint Disease"=chronic progressive disorder onset around middle ages causing deterioration of the articular cartilage(hyaline) at joints and formation of reactive new bone at the margins and subchondral areas of joints due to excessive normal wear and tear of aging or genetic inheritance(increased risk) that can be treated with aspirin and surgery in severe cases but not cured.

osteochondroma

A benign tumor containing both bone and cartilage

osteoclasis

The surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

osteomalacia

A disease in which vitamin D or calcium deficiency or excessive renal phosphate loss causes a softening of the bones with accompanying pain and weakness

osteomyelitis

An inflammation of the bone and/or infection of the bone marrow most often caused by the Staphylococus bacterium. This is often occurs as complication of bone fractures and orthopedic surgery.

osteonecrosis

Death of bone tissue. This condition occurs most commonly in the femur head in elderly persons and may be due to obstructed arteries supplying the bone.

osteopenia

Bones become thinner and weaker with age (loss of osteoblasts)

osteoporosis

A disorder, primarily affecting postmenopausal women, in which bone density decreases and susceptibility to fractures increases.

osteoporotic hip fracture

Usually caused by a weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall

osteorrhaphy

The surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones

Paget's disease

A fairly common metabolic disease of the bone from unknown causes. It usually attacks middle-aged and elderly people and is characterized by bone destruction and deformity

pathologic fracture

Any fracture occurring spontaneously as a result of disease - Occurs in weakened bone under normal strain

percutaneous vertebroplasty

A minimally invasive, image-guided therapy used to relieve pain from a vertebral body fracture.

periostitis

An inflammation of the periosteum

podiatrist

A medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

prosthesis

A substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated

rheumatoid arthritis

An antibody-mediated autoimmune disease that leads to damage and painful inflammation of the cartilage and bone of joints

rickets

Bones of a child with rickets are soft and tend to bend -Vitamin D deficiency

scoliosis

The abnormal lateral curvature of the spine that is often congenital in origin

spina bifida

A congenital defect of the spine in which part of the spinal cord and its meninges are exposed through a gap in the backbone. It often causes paralysis of the lower limbs, and sometimes a mental handicap

spondylolisthesis

Any forward slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra over the one below it

spondylosis

A degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function

subluxation

A partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint

synovectomy

The surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint

vertebrae

26 small bones that make up your backbone

ossification

Bone formation

osteoclasts

Break down bone

osteoblasts

Build bone

periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles

cortical bone

Compact Bone, Dense, outer surface of most bones, shafts of long bones, and caps over end of long bones

cancellous bone

spongy bone - red bone marrow is here

medullary cavity

center cavity located in the shaft of long bones

endosteum

tissue that line the medullary cavity

red bone marrow

manufactures red blood cells, some white blood cells, and clotting cells

yellow bone marrow

composed mostly of fat cells; primarily in the long bones of the body

foramen magnum

A passage in the skull bone through which the spinal cord enters the spinal column

mastoid process

This landmark is part of the temporal bone - It is the insertion for the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at movable joints

meniscus

Fibrocartilage pad located between articular surfaces; acts as a shock absorber, and stabilizes the joint

fibrous joints

in adults, sutures , An articulation in which the bones are joined together by dense fibrous connective tissue, lack a joint cavity, and almost no motion is possible. Types are sutures, syndemoses, and gomphoses. (Most are synarthrotic joints)

fontanelles

Flexible soft spots facilitate the passage of the infant through the birth canal. Normally present on the skull of a newborn. Also known as soft spots

cartilaginous joints

Joints that have no joint cavity, Bones held together by cartilage. Examples are growth plates, disks between vertebrae and the pelvic symphysis

pubic symphysis

junction of the pubic bones in the hip (opens slightly in childbirth)

synovial joints

lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid, a lubricant - designed for maximum movement - most of the joint of the body are classified as this type of joint

articulate

to come together

synovial capsule

the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint