Respiration

Cellular respiration

the process by which cells break down food to produce energy

Oxidation

 a chemical reaction where a molecule loses electrons, often by transferring them to oxygen, resulting in the release of energy that cells can utilize for various biological processes

Reduction

gains electrons

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration coupled?

the products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) are the reactants for cellular respiration, while the products of cellular respiration (carbon dioxide and water) are the reactants for photosynthesis

photosynthesis

Convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars, using water and carbon dioxide, and releasing oxygen as a byproduct

What is the role of NAD+?

acts as a coenzyme in redox reactions, accepting electrons and becoming NADH, which is crucial for cellular respiration and energy production.

What is the starting reactant for glycolysis?

1 Glucose (6 carbon)

How many ATP and NADH are formed in glycolysis?

4 ATP, 2 NADH

Where does glycolysis take place?

Cytoplasm

End product of glycolysis

2ATP, 2NADH, 2 Pyruvates

When does fermentation take place?

In the muscles of animals when they need energy faster than blood can supply oxygen

Role of NAD+ and NADH in fermentation

Oxidation of NADH to form NAD+

What is the difference between lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation?

 Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid, while alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide

What is the starting reactant for the preparatory step (also called transition or transport step)

2 Pyruvates

What are the end products of the transportation step?

2 Acetyl-CoAs, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

Where does the transition step take place?

 Starts in the cytoplasm, ends in the mitochondria

Starting reactant for krebs cycle

2 Acetyl-CoA

How many ATP, NADH and FADH are formed in krebs? ( in this order)

2 , 6 , 2

Where does krebs take place

Inside the mitochondria

What is the end product of krebs

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2FADH, 4 CO2

Explain how ATP is made by the electron transport chain?

The kinetic energy from the electron falling

Photosynthesis

convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars, using carbon dioxide and water, and releasing oxygen as a byproduct

Stomata

a pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange between the internal air spaces of the leaf and the atmosphere.

Stroma

 provide volume around the different structures inside the chloroplast for protection

Thylakoids

pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell. They contain a pigment, called chlorophyll, that absorbs light

Redox

 refers to chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons

Oxidation

The loss of electrons

Reduction

The gain of electrons

Light reaction

 capture energy from sunlight, which they change to chemical energy that is stored in molecules of NADPH and ATP

Calvin Cycle

 Carbon dioxide is glued together using the energy (ATP) and electrons (NADPH) form the light reactions, sugar is formed)

What is the difference between the two inner membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

The inner membrane in mitochondria is folded into cristae. The inner membrane in the chloroplast forms flattened sacs called thylakoids

What is being reduced in photosynthesis and what is being oxidized?

carbon dioxide is reduced (gains electrons) to form sugars, while water is oxidized (gains electrons) to release oxygen

Chlorophyll

the name of the green pigment that plants use to make food during a process called photosynthesis

NADP+ and NADPH

a redox pair, with NADP+ being the oxidized form and NADPH the reduced form

What is the role of pigments?

 absorb specific wavelengths of light and reflect others, giving objects their color

Explain how ATP and NADH are made in Photosystem II and I.

Water is split producing an electron and oxygen, Sunlight excites electrons, Electron goes through ETC (either cyclic or noncyclic)

Explain the relationship between a photosystem and an electron.:

capture light energy and use it to excite electrons

How does an electron transport chain generate ATP?

The kinetic energy of the electron falling down the electron transport chain

Where does the energy to fix carbon in the Calvin cycle come from?

produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

How are ATP and NADPH used to make a sugar (G3P) in the Calvin cycle?”:

In the Calvin cycle, ATP provides the energy, while NADPH provides the reducing power (electrons), enabling the formation of a three-carbon sugar

What do plants do with all the sugar they make during the day

Photosynthesis, or save for cellular respiration at night

How many carbons glucose, pyruvate, and acetyl have

6, 3, 2

Phase where Co2 is released

Transition and Krebs

How many NADHs are produced in the Krebs cycle?

 6 NADH are produced

Stage that takes place in the cytoplasm

Glycolysis

Where does electron transport take place

In the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Amount of FADH generated from one acetyl in the krebs cycle

1 FADH

The energy from this is used to pump hydrogen ions (protons) into the outer compartment of the mitochondria

 What is the kinetic energy of electrons?

This is the element that initially grabs the electron at the end of electron transport

Oxygen

What becomes alcohol/lactate?

Pyruvates

The amount of NADH formed in glycolysis from one glucose

2 NADH

The amount of ATP formed in electron transport from one molecule of glucose:

34 ATP

Where do light dependent reactions take place

Thylakoid membrane

The falling electron in photosystem II is directly used to do this

 pump hydrogen ions (protons) into the thylakoid space?

In noncyclic flow the electrons end up in this

NADH

Where light independent reactions take place

Stroma

The process the chloroplast goes through if it needs more ATP than NADPH

Cyclic electron flow

What do plants do with a glucose at night

Aerobic resperation

The protons flow by facilitated diffusion through ATP synthase from this area to this area

Thylakoid space and stroma

Where does fermentation take place in the cell?:

Cytoplasm

How many ATP you gain from one molecule of glucose during fermentation

2 ATP

The role that pyruvate plays in fermentation

 Accepts electron from NADH

Steps of transport step

Electron Transfer by NADH and FADH2, Splitting of Oxygen to form Water, Generation of ATP by ATP Synthase