NCMB311: WEEK 1-4 BSN 3RD YEAR 1ST SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 Bachelor of Science in Nursing 3YA

special thanks to J.A.K.K.E for the reviewer! Good Luck Guys

Research

• Empirical research and is synonymous with the conscious application of a structured method.

• It follows a rigorous step in order to solve a problem or develop something new and to improve our knowledge.

three type of knowledge as identified by epistemologist:

• Propositional knowledge

• Procedural knowledge or the knowledge of how to do something

• Personal knowledge or personal knowing

Propositional knowledge

the knowledge of theories, facts and laws

• ex. When we say we know each chord on a guitar

  (denotes a musical note we are speaking of propositional knowledge)

Procedural knowledge or the knowledge of how to do something

this type of knowledge can be developed through doing

Personal knowledge or personal knowing

this type of knowledge for us to know, we must personally experience it

Nursing Research

Systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence about problems related to nursing profession including nursing education, clinical and administration.

Research done on addressing the health concerns of client and the application of the research on their care

Purpose of Nursing Research

Answer questions or solve problems of relevance to the nursing profession

Characteristics of Research (COGIE)

• Controlled

• Orderly and systematic

• Generalization

• Intensive

• Empirical

Controlled

Specific constraint or limitation were identified and eliminated to ensure precision and validity of results

Orderly and systematic

follows a sequence of steps

Generalization

is the finding applicable to the entire population

Intensive

in-depth approach is used to ensure that all possible loopholes in the study is covered

Empirical

objective reality as sources of knowledge

Task of Nursing Research (IDEE P&C)

Identification

Description

Exploration

Explanation

Prediction and Control

Identification

assess situation that needs clarification

Description

determine relationship between and among variables investigated

Explanation

answer the what question

Prediction and Control

projects situation or events and minimize effects

Research Process

similar to undertaking a journey; it has a point of origin, route and final destination.

Steps in the Research Process (Cronin, Coughlan and Smith, 2015)

• Developing a Researchable Topic

• Organizing your Research

• Gathering and Analyzing information

1st Step in the Research Process

Developing a Researchable Topic

2nd Step in the Research Process

Organizing your Research

3rd Step in the Research Process

Gathering and Analyzing information

Developing a Researchable Topic

1. Identifying the research problem/topic of interest

2. Reviewing the literature

3. Devising a research question/Hypothesis

Organizing your Research

- Selecting a methodology

- Identifying the population and selecting a sample

- Planning the method of data collection

- Respecting ethical principles

- Demonstrating rigor/trustworthiness

Gathering and Analyzing information

- Gathering data

- Analyzing data

- Discussing and interpreting the result and implication for practice

- Disseminating the results

Major steps in a Quantitative study (Polit & Beck, 2010)

(C DEAD)

• Phase 1: The Conceptual Phase

• Phase 2: The Design and Planning Phase

• Phase 3: The Empirical Phase

• Phase 4: The Analytic Phase

• Phase 5: The Dissemination Phase

Phase 1: The Conceptual Phase

FR? UDF

1. Formulating and delimiting the problem
2. Reviewing the related literature
3. Undertaking clinical fieldwork
4. Defining the framework/developing conceptual definitions
5. Formulating hypothesis

Phase 2: The Design and Planning Phase

SD ID SD F

6. Selecting a research design
7. Developing intervention protocols
8. Identifying the population
9. Designing the sampling plan
10. Specifying methods to measure research variables
11. Developing methods to safeguard subjects
12. Finalizing the research plan

Phase 3: The Empirical Phase

13. Collecting the data
14. Preparing the data for analysis

Phase 4: The Analytic Phase

15. Analyzing the data
16. Interpreting the results

Phase 5: The Dissemination Phase

17. Communicating the findings
18. Utilizing the findings in practice

Activities in a Qualitative Study
(Polit & Beck, 2010)

1. Planning the Study

2. Developing Data Collection Strategies

3. Gathering and Analyzing Data

4. Disseminating Findings

Planning the Study

1. Identifying the research problem
2. Doing a literature review
3. Developing an overall approach
4. Selecting and gaining entree into research sites
5. Developing methods to safeguard participants

Developing Data Collection Strategies

6. Deciding what type of data to gather and how to gather them
7. Deciding from who to collect the data
8. Deciding how to enhance trustworthiness

Gathering and Analyzing Data

9. Collecting data
10. Organizing and analyzing data
11. Evaluating data - making modifications to data collection strategies, if necessary
12. Evaluating date - determining if saturation has been achieved

Disseminating Findings

13. Communicating findings
14. Utilizing (or making recommendations for utilizing) findings in practice and future research

Epistemology

A branch of philosophy that deals with the theory of knowledge

Clinical Nursing Research

Designed to generate knowledge to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of nurse’s

Paradigm

a world view, a general perspective on the complexities of the real world

Research in Nursing

Refers to studies on the particular concerns of nurses themselves

Roles of Nurses in Research

• Principal investigator

• Member of a research team

• Evaluator of research findings

• Consumer of research findings

• Client advocates in a research study

• Subject of research

Why do Research Again?

In healthcare practice and as part of our professional obligation to provide the best care possible based on the best available knowledge and evidence.

The knowledge we generated from research is one form of evidence. Best practices can be generated through evidence-based practice research.

Improved Patient Outcomes (3)

• Individual Clinical Experience

• Patients Values and expectations

• Best available Clinical Evidence

Becoming Research Aware

Not limited to undertaking research yourself but it also means being able to analyze the components of various research studies to determine what is good research and has more applicability to our patients. The greater numbers of nurses utilizing research reduce the gap between research and practice.

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

Create a huge impact in the profession of every healthcare practitioner

Reduces the mortality and morbidity in the field of maternal and child. Essential intrapartum and newborn care (EINC) is a product of EBP

Evidence-based Nursing (EBN)

the application of valid, relevant research-based information in the nurse decision-making.

Research utilization (RU)

the use of findings from disciplined research in a practical application that is not related to the original research

Evidence-based

is concerned with using empirical, valid and relevant information in decision-making

Level I

evidence is obtained from at least one properly designed RCT

Level II

evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials with randomization, well designed case control analytic studies or multiple time series with or without intervention

Level III

opinions of respected authorities based on clinical experience, descriptive studies or report of experts

Level IV

Single correlational/observational study

Level V

Systematic review of descriptive/qualitative/physiologic studies

Level VI

Single descriptive/qualitative/physiologic studies

Level VII

Opinions of authorities, experts and committees

5 Phases of Research Process

• Phase 1: The Conceptual phase

• Phase 2: The Design and Planning phase

• Phase 3: The Empirical phase

• Phase 4: The Analytic phase

• Phase 5: The Dissemination phase

Step 1: Formulating and Delimiting the Problem (Formulating Good Research Questions)

- Is this research question important, given the evidence base?

- Could study findings be useful in clinical practice?

- How can this question best be answered to yield high quality evidence?

Step 2: Reviewing the Related Literature

See later part for further discussion

Step 3: Undertaking Clinical Fieldwork Things to consider:

- Ask yourself what do I see and do in the clinical practice?

- Are there discrepancies between what I see and do and what I know or what the literature says?

- Is this the best way to do this/is there another way to do this?

Step 4: Defining the Framework and Developing Conceptual Definitions

- Researchers must have a conceptual rationale and a clear vision of the concepts under study.

Step 6: Selecting Research Design

This will serve as your overall plan or blueprint for obtaining answers to the questions being studied.

• Step 7: Developing Protocols for the Intervention

This step is applicable only to experimental study, wherein the researcher will treat both research group the same way.

• Step 8: Identifying the Population

- This a critical part of the process in which the researcher needs to know what characteristics the study participants should possess.

Step 9: Designing the Sampling Plan

- The researcher must specify in advance how the sample will be selected and how many subjects there will be

• Step 10: Specifying Methods to Measure Variables

The researcher must identify how the variables will be measured.

Step 11: Developing Methods to Safeguards Human/Animal Rights

The researcher must identify how research sample will be protected.

• Step 12: Reviewing and Finalizing the Research Plan

In this step, the researcher will test the identified tool/instrument to assess its adequacy. It is also an opportunity for the researchers to assess their ability in ensuring that the procedure will work as they planned.

• Step 13: Collecting the Data

In this step, the researchers outline how they will collect data from the actual study.

• Step 14: Preparing the Data for Analysis

This involves processes of transferring the data from research tool to soft data or into computer files for analysis

• Step 15: Analyzing the Data

Appropriate statistical measure must be determined to answer the research questions and hypotheses.

• Step 16: Interpreting the Results

Researcher attempt to explain the findings and examine their implications to the nursing profession

• Step 17: Communicating the Findings

Any research that is not shared through publication cannot contribute evidence to nursing practice and profession

• Step 18: Putting the Evidence into Practice

A well research study is deemed necessary for utilization in the clinical setting or may be part of new evidence-based practice

Purposes of Literature Review

• Exposes main gaps in knowledge [and] identifies principal areas of dispute and uncertainty

• Helps identify general patterns to findings from multiple examples of research in the same area

• Juxtaposing studies with apparently conflicting findings helps explore explanations for discrepancies

• Helps define your terminology or identify variations in definitions used by researchers or practitioners.

• Helps to identify appropriate research methodologies.

• You can also identify validated scales and instruments.

Typology of research literature in nursing research

• Subjective- books

• Research literature- journals, printed online

• Gray literature-magazines, brochures, flyers, posters, newspaper, unpublished research work

Types of Literature Review ( NDS FRC)

Narrative Reviews

Descriptive or Mapping Reviews

Scoping Reviews

Forms of Aggregative Reviews

Realist Reviews

Critical Reviews

Narrative Reviews

the “traditional” way of reviewing the extant literature and is skewed towards a qualitative interpretation of prior knowledge

Attempts to summarize or synthesize what has been written on a particular topic but does not seek generalization or cumulative knowledge from what is reviewed

Descriptive or Mapping Reviews

determine the extent to which a body of knowledge in a particular research topic reveals any interpretable pattern or trend with respect to pre-existing propositions, theories, methodologies or findings

Scoping Reviews

provide an initial indication of the potential size and nature of the extant literature on an emergent topic

conducted to examine the extent, range and nature of research activities in a particular area, determine the value of undertaking a full systematic review (discussed next), or identify research gaps in the extant literature

Systematic reviews (Aggregative Reviews)

attempt to aggregate, appraise, and synthesize in a single source all empirical evidence that meet a set of previously specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a clearly formulated and often narrow research question on a particular topic of interest to support evidence-based practice

Realist Reviews

theory-driven interpretative reviews developed to inform, enhance, or supplement conventional systematic reviews by making sense of heterogeneous evidence about complex interventions applied in diverse contexts in a way that informs policy decision-making

Critical Reviews

provide a critical evaluation and interpretive analysis of existing literature on a particular topic of interest to reveal strengths, weaknesses, contradictions, controversies, inconsistencies, and/or other important issues with respect to theories, hypotheses, research methods or results

Steps for conducting literature review

1) Choose your topic, define your question

2) Decide on the scope of your review

3) Select the databases you will use to conduct your searches

4) Conduct your searches and find the literature. Keep track of your searches!

5) Review the literature! This is the most time-consuming part.

1) Choose your topic, define your question

Guided by a central research question. Remember, it is not a collection of loosely related studies in a field but instead represents background and research developments related to a specific research question, interpreted and analyzed by you.

2) Decide on the scope of your review

How many studies do you need to look at? How comprehensive should it be? How many years should it cover?

4) Conduct your searches and find the literature. Keep track of your searches!

- Review the abstracts and conclusions carefully. This will save you time. - Write down the keywords you used and where you found them. - Use RefWorks to keep track of your citations.

5) Review the literature! This is the most time-consuming part.

What was the research question of the study you are reviewing? What were the authors trying to discover?

Was the research funded by a source that could influence the findings?

What were the research methodologies? Analyze its literature review, the samples and variables used, the results, and the conclusions. Does the research seem to be complete? Could it have been conducted more soundly? What further questions does it raise?

If there are conflicting studies, why do you think that is?

How are the authors viewed in the field? Has this study been cited?; if so, how has it been analyzed?

Presenting/writing your Literature Review

• Chronologically (by event/trend)

• By Publication Date

• Methodology

• Thematically (categorically)

Methodology

Topic may be discussed differently depending on the researcher's cultural bias

Thematically (categorically)

the literature review could be organized into sections with literature from any date appearing in all sections.

Gantt chart

planning tools that will help the researcher keep track of the planned activities in a project

• Positivist Paradigm

a reflection of a broader cultural phenomenon (modernism) that emphasizes the rational and the scientific.

The fundamental assumption of positivists is that there is a reality that can be studied and known, thus their research is focused on understanding underlying causes of natural phenomena.

• Post positivist Paradigm

Believe in reality and has a desire to understand it but recognize the impossibility of total objectivity and see it as a goal.

Naturalistic Paradigm (Constructivist Paradigm)

- According to naturalist reality is not a fixed entity but rather a construction of the individual.

- Assumes that knowledge is maximized when the distance between the inquirer and the participants in the study is minimized.

Criteria for choice of research design

- Logically sound

- Comprehensive enough to solve the problem

- Reasonably clear and precise

- Clearly spell out

- Free from weakness

Elements to consider in the choice of research design

- Total population

- Methods of selecting the samples or study respondent

- Alternative versions of independent variables under study

- Criterion measures evaluating the effects of the independent variables

- Statistical treatment of data

According to Approach

- Experimental – cause & effect relationship

- Non-experimental – describe & analyze

- Quasi-experimental – partial experiment

- Combined – mixed methods, triangulation

According to Measurement & Data Analysis

- Quantitative – frequency, magnitude of events

- Qualitative – perceptions, insights

- Combined – mixed methods

According to Time Frame

- Longitudinal/Prospective – future data

- Cross-sectional – present data

- Retrospective – past data

- Basic research – knowledge generation

- Applied research – improved professional practice

- Historical – meaning of past events