Anthropology Quiz 1 (Chapters 1-4)

All of the following are parts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) EXCEPT:

amino acid

These parts of the cell are often referred to as “powerhouse centers” because they produce energy for the cell in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 

mitochondria

Using X-ray crystallography, ____ provided the original image that clearly showed the double helix shape of DNA. 

Rosalind Franklin 

Most human cells are ____ meaning they come in matching pairs of chromosomes (one set from each parent). Gametes are ____, meaning they only have one set of chromosomes.

diploid, haploid

Intervening sequences that are removed during RNA splicing are known as:

introns

Alternate versions (copies) of a gene, that may result in different phenotypic expressions of a trait, are:

alleles

“Mendelian” traits refer to

traits and diseases controlled by a single gene.

When two heterozygous parents reproduce (e.g. Bb), what type(s) of offspring can they produce?

both heterozygous and homozygous

When a pregnant mother and her baby have incompatible ____ blood types, the mother’s antibodies break down the newborn’s red blood cells. When this happens, a doctor can administer treatments to prevent pregnancy complications and hemolytic disease in the baby. 

Rhesus (Rh) 

ABO blood types are an example of a Mendelian trait.

True

This military officer traveled through Central Asia and discovered many of the trade routes used in the Silk Road. He is one of the first examples of someone who attempted to systematically study and document cultural differences among different groups.

Zhang Qian

This early anthropologist wrote Coming of Age in Samoa (1928), a best-selling book that was both sensational and scandalous. In it, she critiqued U.S. parenting as overly restrictive, and contrasted it to Samoan parenting, which allowed teenagers to freely explore their community and even their sexuality.

Margaret Mead

An example of an applied area of anthropology that draws on all four subdisciplines to understand the interrelationship of health, illness, and culture is ____ anthropology.

medical

In 1974, Donald Johanson found the remains of a 3.2-million-year-old fossilized skeleton in Ethiopia that he nick-named:

Lucy

The term hominin refers to modern-day humans and our fossil relatives that are more similar to us than they are to chimpanzees. 

True

Indigenous knowledge systems, which are ways of knowing about and explaining the world and are specific to an indigenous group, are informed by the group’s empirical observations and passed down over generations. 

True

Derived from Greek, the term “anthropology” means the study of humans. 

 

True

Which of the following best differentiates a theory from a hypothesis?

A theory has been tested many times without being falsified.

Which general problems did Christian biologists in the 1700s struggle to understand?

extinction, homologies and biogeographic adaptation

Which perspective proposed that all people share a single common origin?

monogenism

Who coined the terms “descent with modification” and “natural selection”?

Charles Darwin

Which theory of heredity suggested that a child is a blend of its parents, like paint, if mom is red and dad is blue then the child is purple?

blending inheritance

Most genetic mutations are:

neutral, have little observable effect on an organism

Which evolutionary process postulates a higher-order process that invokes competition between species?

species selection

White blood cells, skin cells, and nerve cells all have the same DNA sequences. Nevertheless, white blood cells can only produce white blood cells and skin cells can only make more skin cells, and so on. Waddington called this type of cellular inheritance: 

epigenetic

Chapter two author, Jonathan Marks, argues that human evolution is intensely political because the science of who we are is inherently contentious. 

True

Evolution is more like a tree than like an escalator.

True

Sexual selection refers to:

natural selection arising through the preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex.

Lamarckian inheritance posited that offspring:

would inherit characteristics that were acquired during their parents’ lifetimes.

Julian Huxley’s 1942 book, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis:

provided the first use of the term Modern Synthesis to describe the integration of Darwin and Mendels’ models

One of the major breakthroughs in understanding the mechanisms of evolutionary change came with the realization that evolution:

takes place at the level of populations, not within individuals

Gene pools refers to: 

the entire collection of genetic material in a breeding community that can be passed on from one generation to the next

Forces of evolution:

account for all the genotypic variation observed in the world today.

Mutations that do cause a change in the protein are known as ____ mutations.

non-synonymous 

____ occurs when the number of individuals in a population drops dramatically due to some random event.

A population bottleneck

Which process occurs when selection works against the extremes of a trait and favors the intermediate phenotype?

balancing selection

People who are heterozygous for sickle cell produce enough round red blood cells to avoid the symptoms of sickle cell anemia, and have enough sickle cells to provide protection from malaria. 

True

Microevolution refers to changes in allele frequencies within breeding populations (that is, within a single species). 

True

what’s difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis results in two identical daughter diploid cells, whereas meiosis results in four haploid cells.

mitosis

normal cell division

meiosis

producing gametes (sex cells)

what are the sources of variation?

sexual reproduction, recombination(my own unique chromosomes), mutation

RNA includes:

adenine, thymine, guanine, uracil

DNA includes:

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

five subfields of anthropology

cultural- cultural traditions
archaeology- bones of fossils
linguistic- study of language past and present

applied- research to improve lives

biological (formerly physical)- bones of humans

paleopathology

investigation of diseases

forensic

use bones to identify victims of crimes and disasters

human osteology

skeletal

population genetics

study of genes within populations

nested hierarchy

kingdom- animalia

phylum- chordata

class- mammalia

order- primates

family- hominidae

genius- homo

species- sapiens

limaeus

taxonomic nomenclature

curvier

catastrophism

lamarck

species change over time through inheiritance

hutton

rocks

malthus

population vs growth resourses

selection against recessive homozygotes:

albinism, tay-sachs

selection against dominant homozygous

achondroplasia

selection for heterozygote

sickle cell

genetic drift

random changes in allele frequency from gen to gen caused by chance probability

darwins theory of evolution through natural selection

1. variation

2. this variable is heritable

3. variation leads to differences in fitness (# of offspring)

mendels law of segregaton

two alleles separate from one another

law of independent assortment

states that the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

sperm

23 chromeosomes (mDNA in tail)

egg

23 chromosomes (mDNA inside)