degenerative disorders of the musculoskeletal system

osteoporosis

reduction in bone density caused by imbalance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts

osteopenia

pre osteoporosis thinning of tranecular matrix

osteoporosis risk factors

postmenopausal female, lack of testosterone, family history, asian or caucasian, low calcium/vitamin D

what bones/parts of bones does osteoporosis usually affect

ends of long bones

osteoporosis diagnosis

DEXA (gold standard), CT, FRAX asmt

osteoporosis management

lifestyle changes, medications, vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty

osteoarthritis (OA)

progressive inflammation causes degradation of the joints

OA risk factors

age, obesity, history of team sports, history of trauma, heavy occupational work, joint misalignment

OA clinical manifestations

symmetrical deep aching joint pain, crepitus with motion, relief with rest, heberdens nodules, bouchards nodes

OA diagnostics

xray

OA treatment

reduce stress on joints, low impact exercise, NSAIDs, oral steroids

degenerative disc disease (DDD)

flattening of intervertebral discs in C or L spine

DDD lumbar symptoms

lower back pain that radiates down, worse when sitting, bending, twisting, minimized when walking, changing positions, lying down

DDD cervical symptoms

neck pain, upper extremity weakness/numbness

DDD diagnosis

physical exam*, CT, MRI, inflammation stuff

DDD treatment

physical therapy, meds, chiropractic care, steroids, laminectomy for decompression