Chap 04 - Data Collection Techniques and Research Designs

Study guide for Exam 2 experimental methods

What is an operational definition in psychology?

A definition that specifies how a variable was measured, making an abstract concept concrete.

What are the two types of validity in research?

Internal validity and external validity.

What does internal validity refer to?

The degree that a study provides a good test of a hypothesis, ruling out alternative explanations.

What is one advantage of naturalistic observation?

It allows for observing more realistic behavior.

What is a disadvantage of naturalistic observation?

It can be difficult to be unobtrusive and make objective observations.

What are close-ended response scales used for in surveys?

To provide limited and quantitative responses.

What is the purpose of using interviews in data collection?

To obtain oral responses and gather more detailed data.

What is a major limitation of using archival data in research?

There is no control over circumstances and sampling techniques.

What type of research design examines rare behaviors with intense observation?

Case studies.

What is the significant caution regarding correlational studies?

Correlation does not imply causation; other variables could be influencing the results.

What is the purpose of the experimental group in research designs?

To receive the independent variable being tested.

What is a quasi-experiment?

A research design used when the independent variable cannot be manipulated and lacks random assignment.

What does the pretest-posttest design measure?

It assesses changes in a variable of interest before and after an event or time period.

What are the major techniques for data collection in psychology?

Naturalistic observations, surveys/questionnaires, systematic observations, and archival data.

What is construct validity?

The extent to which the measure actually assesses the intended variable.

What is an example of a systematic observation in psychology?

Observing cognitive behaviors or biological behaviors while controlling for measurement processes.

Observing behaviors as they occur in an individual's natural environment uses the __________ observation technique.

Naturalistic observation

Looking up records of behaviors that have already occurred uses the ________ observation technique

Archival

The research design that allows researchers to answer casual questions about manipulatied and measured variables is a(n) ________

Experiment

A ________ relationship means that the values on the variables change in the same direction (up and down) at the same time

Positive

The research design that allows researchers to compare groups of individuals on a measured variable based on characteristics of the individuals is a(n) ___

Quasi-experiment