Humanities Exam Review

The renassiance began around the_______century.

15th century (1400s)

The word renassiance means….

rebirth

what is the name of the popular renassiance philosphy in which there was a looking back to ancient greece and rome and recognized a shared value of human reason and creativity?

classical humanism

What were the ways that artists in the Renaissance paid homage to Greek and Roman culture? What wasn’t one?

use of phidian style, use of nudity, contrapposto, and lost wax casting. christian themes wasn’t one of them.

________is when one culture systematically destroys the art and artifacts of another culture . The destruction of Greek art and culture at the beginning of the Middle Ages is just one of many examples of this in history.

Iconoclasm

The ______________________ family patronized many Italian artists during the Renaissance. Pope Julius II was also an enthusiastic patron of the arts at this time.

Medici

What was a painting technique that used pronounced areas of light and dark to create realistic modeling of three-dimensional forms.

chiaroscoro

A technique used in two-dimensional art to create an illusion of distance and depth.

Linear perspective

Byzantine art isn’t known for linear perspective since it wasn’t trying to look realisitc? instead, what elements did they use?

elongated features, gold embossing, religious subject matter, halos

Depictions of the virgin mary were different in the renassiance because artists…

made her resemble a real woman

In Raphael’s alba madonna, the Virgin mary’s humility is shown by the fact that…

she is sitting on the ground

Unlike the Byzantine images that paint Jesus to look like a grown man, Raphael paints Jesus like a real baby as a way to emphasize his:

humanity

The way that Raphael paints humans and fabric is reminiscent of the renowned sculptor, ___________________________ who was famous for his work on the Parthenon.

Phidias

Who was the architect largely responsible for the design of the Dome of the Florence Cathedral?

Brunelleschi

T/F: The Dome of the Florence Cathedral was the first dome ever built.

True

T/F: Still today, the Dome of the Florence Cathedral is the largest masonry dome in the world.

True

What was the name of the bricklaying technique used in the design of the Dome of the Florence Cathedral?

spina a pesce (herringbone pattern)

The design of the Dome of the Florence Cathedral was revolutionary because it lacked ________________________, a defining feature of the gothic cathedrals of the middle ages.

a flying buttress

The Dome of the Florence Cathedral was built without the use of _____________________________ because, as the saying went, there would not have been enough wood in Tuscany to built it. This required innovative thinking, and Brunelleschi ended up inventing special machines specifically the for purpose of hoisting construction materials up to the dome.

scaffolding

During the construction of the Florence Cathedral, _______________________ was commissioned to create a sculpture for the Florence Cathedral. He was still young and unknown at the time. His sculpture of David (a figure from the Judeo-Christian Tradition) was originally slated to go along the roofline. However, when everyone in Florence saw his finished product they were blown away. They decided the statue deserved a more prominent location in a public square, outside the Palazzo Vecchio.

Michelangelo

Like many thinkers from the Renaissance, Brunelleschi looked to antiquity (i.e., ancient Greece and Rome) for inspiration. Specifically, he investigated the dome of this famous work of architecture from ancient Rome, known as ________. Still today, this dome is the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world. Not much is known about the construction techniques used to construct this dome, so Brunelleschi removed a small hole from the dome to try to learn more.

The pantheon

One of Brunelleschi's significant contributions to the scholarship of his time was on the topic of ___________________________. He used the baptistry of the Florence Cathedral in his methodical experimentations on this subject. His work would become the foundation for modern architecture. His work also had an enormous influence on the trajectory of art in the Western world. Renaissance artists began using his Brunelleschi's research to create more realistic depictions of the natural world. This representational style of art became the gold standard of "high art" for many centuries to come.

linear perspective

A fresco located in the School of Athens

The vatican

A massive work of architecture that Raphael’s “School of Athens” references that was under construction in Rome when the fresco was painted

St. Peter’s bascilica

A painting on the wall or ceiling that is painted directly on the wet plaster so that the colors will become fixed as it dries

fresco

Plato is one of the two main men depicted in the School of Athens, who does he resemble?

Leonardo Da vinci

The man to the right of Plato in a School of Athens, who was a scholar and philospher from ancient Greece that observed the natural world

Aristotle

A scholar painted in the School of athens who was known for for his work in math and music theory

Pythagorus

A sculpture from the 15th century that was the first freestanding nude scultpture since Antiquity

Donatello’s david (one with freestyle pose and hat)

biblical figure who became a symbol of Republic of Florence during the Renaissance. The people of Florence identified with this heroic figure because he was seen as an underdog who used his reasoning mind (rather than brute force) to overcome his enemies.

David

A material that Michelangelo’s David was sculpted in

marble

the height of Michelangelo’s david

17 ft

The place Michelangelo’s david was originally going to be displayed

in a niche near the top of the Florence Cathedral

The renowned sculptor from Greece that created the “canon” for human proportions. He inspired Muchelangelo’s david

Polykleitos

The color made by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder. In Renaissance paintings, this expensive color is reserved for the most important subject (which is often the Virgin Mary)

ultramarine

Northern Renaissance painter from Ghent (a port city in northwest Belgium) is known as "the father of oil painting."

Van Eyck

Another name for the Adoration of the Mystic lamb, a polyptych (a painting divided into sections) painted by Jan Van Eyck.

the Ghent altarpiece

a tyoe of paint that early italian renassiance artists like Raphael used. It limited the artist's ability to blend and shade.

Tempera

What is a famous painitng by Botticelli that uses Tempera paint?

Birth of Venus

an artwork that was the inspiration behind the Birth of venus painting

a classical sculpture of Venus/Aphrodite

a technique that involves applying many thin (almost translucent) layers of oil paint. Titian, another popular renassiance artist that used oil paint, used this technique

glazing

A genre of paintings that became popularized by the venus of Urbino painting

female reclining nude

a pose in Venus painings that which was a reference to the same pose used in classical sculpture. The pose is meant to cover the genitals and signal a sense of shame. Instead of covering the exposed genitals, the pose often tends to highlight the area and draw the viewers eye to it.

modest venus

A document posted by Martin Luther in 1517 that protested the doctrines of the Christian church and called for reform

Ninety-five Theses

One of martin luther’s main obections of the church where it accepted donations or other charitable work and in exchange for a reduced punishment for sins that were committed

indulgences

An invention by Gutenberg in the mid-15th century had an enormous impact on the Protestant Reformation.

First, this invention made it possible for Luther to communicate directly with a mass audience.

Printing press

A group of people in the protestant reformation that commisioned other types of art, such as portraits, genre paintings, and vanitas paintings

merchant middle class

Type of painting was popular during the Dutch Golden Age. They showed scenes of ordinary people doing ordinary things, such as preparing food, playing music, writing letters, or celebrating with friends and family.

Genre

Types of paintings meant to symbolize the impermanence of life. They remind the viewer that worldly pleasures are temporary and death is inevitable.

vanitas

Showing very great admiration or respect for someone or something, often too great. this type of art was agreed to not be consistent with the teachings of the Bible

idolatrous

largest church in the world commissioned by Pope Julius II

Saint Peter’s Bascilica

the emperor responsible for building the "old" St Peter's Basilica, which lasted just over a 1,000 years.

Constantine

ways that Bernini’s david follows the Baroque style.

involves the viewer, emotionally intense, diagonals, energy, movement, unbalanced

A painting technique used by Caravaggio that is a dramatic form of chiaroscuro in which areas of light and dark are used to create a theatrical "spotlight" effect.

tenebrism

A value that is heavily emphasized in Caravaggio’s “The Incredulity of Saint Thomas”.

faith

A element of the baroque style that caravaggio’s painings do not have

contrapposto

a Roman artist who whose story of her rape has defined the way art historians talk about her work, especially the explicitly violent scenes in which a strong heroine is the main protagonist. She was inspired by Caravaggio. While this artist's personal identity is closely intertwined with her artistic production, there are many other experiences which shaped both her life and her art.

Following the trial she married a little-known Florentine artist, and left Rome for Florence. There she had five children and established herself as an independent artist, becoming the first woman to gain membership to the Academy of the Arts of Drawing in 1616. She returned to Rome in 1620, by which point she had become an extremely sought-after artist with a “house full of cardinals and princes wanting pictures from her”.

Artemisia Gentileschi

A movement that got its name from a Pearl and was originally used as an insult to describe this emotionally-intense style that didn't match the order and harmony of the Renaissance aesthetic.

Baroque

A technique often used in Baroque art that creates an illusion of depth by making some parts of the subject disproportionately larger than others. The technique helps to draw the viewer into the scene, making them feel part of the action.

foreshortening

What Versailles used to be before King Louis XIV began his extensive renovations in 1661?

a royal hunting lodge

The amount of time it took for the Versailles to be rennovated

21 years

A type of architecture that inspired the exterior of Versailles

Classical

type of architecture that reflects the interior of versailles

Rococo

An ancient mythological figure that King Louis XIV associated himself with

Apollo

King Louis XIV filled both the palace and its gardens with sculpture, painting, and fountains that all focused on himself and his role as _______.

Sunking

The most famous room in the Versailles, which runs along the entire length of the central building

Hall of mirrors

landscape designer that designed the gardens of the Versailles

André le Nôtre

An important part of life at Versailles.

For example, the process for the king to wake up and go to sleep involved multitude of courtiers waiting on the king while he got up or went to bed, following strict rules of position and rank to determine who got to perform which parts of the ceremony.

Ritual

meaning of “L’état, c’est moi," used by King Louis XIV

I am the state

the most famous Fragonard painting that is Rococo style

The Swing

A painting technique used in Rococo paintings

painterly brushstrokes

Something that has a lifetyle that Rococo paintings often celebrate

Ancien regime

Themes that rococo paintings have

luxury, frivolity, artifice, lust

A theme that Rococo paintings DON’T have

Christian piety

He was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution and was married to Marie Antoinette

King Louis XVI

High end fashion into the forefront of popular culture.

haute couture

The intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Western culture during the 17th to 19th century.

During this time, ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics.

The goals of this movement were to use human reason to understand the universe and improve human life.

The Enlightenment

A series of events that marked the emergence of modern science in the wake of the Renaissance.

Developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry during this time transformed the views of society about nature.

Scientific Revolution

An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits.

Members of that society sacrifice some individual freedom in exchange for the state's protection.

This concept became popular during the Enlightenment among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

These philosophers argued the divine right to rule was not given to monarchs, but rather the citizens themselves.

Social Contract

the painter of the Death of Socrates and the year it was painted

Jacques Louis David, 1787

a dialogue written by Plato that inspires the Death of Socrates

Phaedo

A type of government in 5th century Athens that was governed by its own citizens (during Socrates’ time)

Democracy

A teaching method used by Socrates involves engaging the student in a conversation.

Rather than lecture to the student, the teacher encourages the student to critically examine their own thinking.

Socratic Method

A nickname that Socrates earned when he persistently and sometimes infuriatingly questioned the status quo and those in power

gadfly

Things that Socrates was charged for when he was put on trial

corrupting the youth and disrespecting the traditional polytheistic Greek religion

A beverage that Socrates poisons himself with

hemlock

values that were celebrated in “the Death of Socrates”

reason and moral virtue

two events that Jaques Louis David was trying to parallel in “Death of Socrates”

French Revolution and events from ancient greece

Sculptor (famous for his work on the Parthenon) who inspired david’s way of painting fabric and humans

Phidias

an art form commonly used in Ancient Greece. It is essentially a high-relief sculpture.

Frieze

Technique to light the scene in a bright, almost theatrical or monumental way.

A painting is illuminated from one side only, at a parallel angle to its surface.

You might say that this technique is being used as a metaphor for the Enlightenment itself.

raking light

the philosphy that jaque Louis david reflects when he uses uses linear perspective and chiaroscuro to create convincing illusions of reality

humanism

target audience of “Death of Socrates”

French revolutionaries

target audience for “the swing” by Fragonard?

Ancien Regime

Themes that Romantic Art is most often concerned with

contemporary events and social issues

Ways that Romanticsm draws inspiration from the Baroque era

chiascuro, emotional intensity, painterly brushstrokes, foreshortening

What Romantic art DOESN’T have in common with Baroque style

emphasis on balance and symmetry

the awesome and overwhelming quality that is both wonderful and terrifying at the same time. The term is often used to describe nature, but can be used to describe oth

sublime

A huge characterization of Romantic paintings that heavily differs from the rational themes of Neoclassical paintings (David’s Death of Socrates)

intense emotion

What happens in “The Raft of Medusa” by Gericault

a shipwreck of a French navy frigate