Urban futures
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105 Terms
What is urbanisation?
An increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such as towns or cities
What happens to the number of services as settlement size increases?
It increases
What services do small settlements typically provide?
Low-order services such as a post office
What do larger settlements and conurbations have compared to smaller ones?
A much larger sphere of influence
What is the range of a service or product?
The maximum distance people are prepared to travel to purchase it
What is a megacity?
An urban area with over 10 million people living there
Where are more than two thirds of current megacities located?
In EDCs and LIDCs
How many megacities are predicted by 2030?
41
What is a world city?
A city that is a centre for trade and business and holds global influence
Which cities are key world cities?
London, New York, Tokyo and Paris
Where are most world cities located?
In ACs
Which EDC is an example of world cities expanding?
Moscow
What are push factors driving urbanisation?
Natural disasters, war and conflict, poor education, poor healthcare, drought
What are pull factors driving urbanisation?
More jobs, better education and healthcare, increased quality of life, good network systems
What is a social consequence of rapid urbanisation in LIDCs?
Little official housing available
What is another social consequence of rapid urbanisation in LIDCs?
Infrastructure struggles to support growing population
What happens to crime rates during rapid urbanisation in LIDCs?
They increase
Why are people forced to live in informal housing during rapid urbanisation?
Because official housing is expensive
What does increased congestion cause during rapid urbanisation?
High contamination
What is an environmental consequence of rapid urbanisation in LIDCs?
Rubbish may not be collected
What happens to rivers during rapid urbanisation in LIDCs?
They are polluted by sewage and toxic waste
What does increased congestion cause environmentally during rapid urbanisation?
More pollution
What is an economic consequence of rapid urbanisation in LIDCs?
Not enough jobs leading to increased unemployment
What happens to the informal sector during rapid urbanisation in LIDCs?
It increases
What happens to government funding due to informal jobs during rapid urbanisation?
It decreases
What is counter-urbanisation in ACs?
The movement of people from city centres to the outskirts
What are push factors for counter-urbanisation?
Pollution, small land, lack of green space, overwhelming pace of life
What are pull factors for counter-urbanisation?
Starting families in quiet places, bigger houses, slower pace of life
What are consequences of counter-urbanisation?
Decentralisation of people, increase in house prices for villages, drives locals out market
What is suburbanisation?
The movement of people from city centres to the outskirts
What are push factors for suburbanisation?
Chaotic living, dangerous life, less space for money, congestion
What are pull factors for suburbanisation?
Quieter living close to city, easy to commute
What are consequences of suburbanisation?
Increase in cars, less green belt space, urban sprawl, less centralised business, economic segregation
What is reurbanisation?
The movement of people back into urban areas
What are push factors for reurbanisation?
Lack of jobs, less leisure, lack of refurbishment
What are pull factors for reurbanisation?
Gentrified areas, universities attracting people, entertainment facilities available
What are consequences of reurbanisation?
More customers, increase in tension, improvement of pollution, new jobs, increased tourism
Where is Lagos located?
On the coast of Nigeria
What part of Nigeria is Lagos in?
South west Nigeria
What percentage of Nigeria’s imports does Lagos hold?
80
What percentage of Nigeria’s exports does Lagos hold?
70
How many extra people came to live in Lagos between 2000 and 2010?
3.4 million
How many people enter Lagos every hour?
85
What is a social effect of urbanisation in Lagos?
Many live without electricity
What is another social effect of urbanisation in Lagos?
High diseases rate and low life expectancy
What is an economic effect of urbanisation in Lagos?
High rate of corruption to officials
What limits business growth in Lagos?
Poor infrastructure
What is an environmental effect of urbanisation in Lagos?
Large scale traffic issues
What is another environmental effect of urbanisation in Lagos?
Slums such as Makoko are heavily polluted with poor sanitation
What did authorities do to manage slums like Makoko?
Removed many dwellings
How much money did the World Bank loan to Lagos for improvements?
200 million dollars
What improvements were targeted by the World Bank loan?
Drainage and solid waste management
What new ideas have been suggested for managing living conditions in Lagos?
Floating homes and school
What are pull factors for rural-to-urban migration to Lagos?
Job opportunities, better healthcare, education and lively city
What is another pull factor for moving to Lagos?
More job opportunities in the informal sector
What percentage of households in Lagos have access to safe water?
85
What is to access hospitals like within Lagos?
It is easy to access the three main hospitals
What are problems in Lagos?
Traffic congestion, poor infrastructure and high crime rates
What is a sanitation problem in Makoko slum?
Sanitation is poor
What is a jobs issue in Makoko slum?
Few jobs available
What type of housing is common in Makoko slum?
Wooden buildings on stilts
Where is Makoko slum located relative to Lagos University?
Next to Lagos University
What waterborne disease is found in Makoko?
Typhoid
What type of conflict occurs in Makoko?
Conflict between locals and police
What is a positive feature of Makoko slum?
It is the heart of Lagos' fishing industry
What industry thrives internationally from Makoko?
Boat-building industry
Is there ethnic conflict in Makoko?
No
What is the floating school in Makoko built on?
200 floating barrels
Who funded the floating school in Makoko?
NGO funding
What solution involves using methane in Lagos?
Burning methane to produce electricity
What solution involves using waste in Lagos?
Recycling waste, burning it to produce electricity and using it as compost
What is London globally connected through?
Business and finance
What is London the capital city of?
United Kingdom
What has international migration created in London?
Multicultural communities
Where are different cultural groups concentrated in London?
Specific areas
What do communities often start in London over time?
Businesses catering for their own community
What is urban to rural migration in London?
Moving to urban rural fringe and commuting to work
How many people does social deprivation affect in London?
2 million
How many new homes are needed each year in London?
66,000
How many new homes are currently built each year in London?
20,000
Where can new homes be built in London?
Brownfield or greenfield sites
What major roads converge on London?
Motorways such as the M1
Which are the two busiest airports close to London?
Heathrow and Gatwick
Where is the home of the UK Government?
Palace of Westminster
How does London rank in wealth compared to other UK cities?
It is the wealthiest
What is the average salary in London?
£34,473
What is the UK average salary?
£22,044
What is the average house price in London?
£514,000
What is the UK average house price?
£272,000
What kind of opportunities is London filled with?
Lots of opportunities
How many nationalities are there in London?
270
What makes London housing diverse?
Some of the most expensive houses in the world
What is the most densely settled part of the UK?
London
Is energy use in London sustainable?
No
What is the approximate population of London?
9-10 million
How can urban areas be made more sustainable with water?
Water conservation like dual flush toilets
How can urban areas be made more sustainable with energy?
Energy conservation like insulation and glazing
How can urban areas be made more sustainable with waste?
Waste recycling
How can urban areas be made more sustainable with green spaces?
Increasing parks and planting trees like Queen Elizabeth Park
What does London encourage to be more sustainable in transport?
Use of public transport