Mammals and Avian Respiratory System

• deliver oxygen to the cell of the body’s tissue

• remove carbon dioxide

Primary function of the respiratory system

mucus

the respiratory tract is coated with _ that is high in water

cilia

propel a liquid layer of mucus that is high in water

mucus layer

air picks up water and the _ traps pathogens and other particles

nasal passages

particulates in the air are removed in the ?

• nasal cavity

• trachea

• lungs

Main structure of the mammals’ respiratory system

inhalation

pulmonary ventilation occurs via?

Nasal Cavity

a large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face

Nasal cavity

the uppermost part of the respiratory system that provides the nasal passage for inhaled air from the nostrils to the nasopharynx and rest of the respiratory tract

two nostrils

Each nasal cavity is the continuation of one of the?

Trachea

Its function is to funnel the inhaled air to the lungs and the exhaled air out of the body

Trachea

found in front of the esophagus, extending from the larynx into the chest cavity

Trachea

Made of incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle

• mucus-producing goblet cells

• ciliated epithelia

Trachea is lined with?

bifurcates

The end of the trachea _ to the right and left lungs, which are not identical

thoracic cavity

The muscular diaphragm is inferior to the lungs, marking the end of the _

bronchi

In the lungs there are _, made up of cartilage and smooth muscle; then, at the bronchioles, the cartilage is replaced by elastic fibers

bronchi

Bronchi lead to small sacs called _

alveoli

They are in direct contact with capillaries of the circulatory system, which ensures that oxygen will diffuse from _ into the blood and that carbon dioxide will diffuse from the blood to the _to be exhaled

• nasal cavity

• lungs

• bronchi/bronchiole

Protective Mechanism (muscociliary escalators)

protective mechanisms

air contains particulate matter such as dust, dirt, viral particles, and bacteria that can damage the lung. So, the respiratory system has _ to avoid damage

Nasal cavity

has hair and mucus to trap small particles, viruses, etc.

Lungs

produces mucus to trap particulates

bronchi/bronchioles

contain cilia that line the walls of bronchi and bronchioles. they move mucus up to the esophagus to eliminate

• small lungs

• nine air sacs

Birds have relatively _ that play an important role in respiration

directional respiratory system

Birds have evolved a _ that allows them to obtain oxygen at high altitudes

• cilia

• mucus

• scavenging cells

Defense Mechanisms of Avian Respiratory System

cilia

tiny hair-like structures in the trachea that is responsible for propelling entrapped particles for disposal

mucus

The effectiveness of the ciliary activity depends on the consistency of the _

Scavenging cells

These cells ingest and eliminate bacteria to stop them from spreading

• Lungs

• Air Sacs

• Trachea

• Glottis

The Main Structure of Avian Respiratory System

Avian lungs

do not have the capacity to inflate as birds lack a diaphragm and a pleural cavity

parabronchi

Avian lungs contain continuous tubes called _ that allows air to pass through the lung in one direction.

Avian lungs

They are laced with blood capillaries and it is here that gas exchange occurs

Air Sacs

these balloon-like structures at the extremities of the bird’s airway system take up a significant percentage of the bird’s chest and abdominal cavity.

• an unpaired one in the cervical area

• two interclavicular air sacs

• two abdominal air sacs

• two anterior thoracic air sacs

• two posterior thoracic air sacs

9 air sacs of birds include:

• posterior air sacs

• anterior air sacs

Air flows in one direction from the _ to the lungs and out the _

• opposite

• blood flow

The flow of air in avian air sacs is in the _ direction from _

Trachea

It is made up of cartilaginous rings that prevent its collapse from the negative pressure caused by inspiration of air when the bird breathes in air

Glottis

This organ closes when feed is passing down the throat so that the feed does not enter the lungs

• syrinx

• larynx

Other Organs of Avian Respiratory System

syrinx

the voice box of avians

syrinx

it is located at the base of the airway, where the trachea splits into two passages called main stem bronchii, one into each lung

larynx

In birds, it retains its function as a respiratory valve that protects the airway, but it lacks sound producing vocal folds unlike the function of _ in mammals

horse

can only breathe out their nose, which creates problems when these animals are subjected to rigorous activity

equal

To get enough oxygen when engaging in heavy exercise , endurance horses must maintain a respiratory rate that is _ to each stride

• 1/50,000

• inch

At a rate of _ of an _, oxygen diffuses over the alveoli and into the lungs

Horse

are unique in the fact that since they have evolved to be such large mammals, they have adapted by having a larger lung capacity

• Chickens

• breastbone

• ribs

Since they lack a diaphragm, they cannot breathe utilizing that organ like mammals do. As a result, their means of breathing is through the movement of the _ and _.

• Chicken lungs

• ribs

are relatively small and do not expand. Instead, they are firmly attached to the _