Urinalysis and Body Fluids Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes for a Urinalysis and Body Fluids final exam, covering physical, chemical, and microscopic urine analysis, metabolic disorders, and various body fluid characteristics.

Polyuria

A condition where a patient produces more than $3$ liters of urine in $24$ hours.

Isosthenuric

A urine specific gravity value of $1.010$, indicating the kidneys are failing to concentrate or dilute the urine.

White foam

The physical observation noted when shaking a urine sample that indicates the patient has protein in their urine.

Glomerular bleeding

The most likely explanation for a fresh urine sample that is dark red-brown and clear.

Speckled green pattern

The appearance on a yellow blood pad of a chemistry test strip indicating that whole red blood cells are present in the urine.

Homogentisic acid

The substance to test for when a normal yellow urine sample turns black after sitting unpreserved at the bench for $90$ minutes.

Specific gravity correction for protein

The process of subtracting $0.003$ from the refractometry value for every $1$ gram of protein present in the urine.

Mid-stream clean catch

A non-invasive collection method suitable for microbiology and considered the most common sterile collection method when done properly.

Suprapubic aspiration

An invasive but most sterile method of urine collection; it is not commonly performed.

Morning/Waking up

The time of day when normal components of urine are generally at their highest concentration level.

Melanin

The cause of a dark brown urine sample that is negative for blood in a patient with a history of skin cancer.

Porphyria

A disorder characterized by a defect in heme ring construction, often presenting with port-red wine colored urine.

Uroerythrin

A non-pathological urine component that gives a pink tint to urine when refrigerated by fixing to amorphous crystals.

Boric acid

An urine preservative that is known to interfere with hormone analysis.

Sodium fluoride

The preservative indicated for urine samples intended for drug testing.

$$180\,mg/dL$$

The plasma glucose value considered to be the renal threshold.

Osmometry

The method of measuring urine concentration that is the best indicator because it is not affected by the presence of protein or glucose.

Clue cell

A squamous epithelial cell with shaggy, fuzzy, or furry edges, identifying the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis.

Glomerulus

The specific part of the kidneys where filtration of components like creatinine and urea occurs.

Uromodulin

The primary protein component that makes up the matrix of urinary casts.

RBC cast

A microscopic entity formed in the tubules most indicative of glomerulonephritis.

WBC cast

A microscopic entity composed of white blood cells within a matrix, most indicative of pyelonephritis.

Tubular necrosis

The pathological condition indicated by the presence of renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cell casts.

Broad and waxy casts

Microscopic entities indicating significant urinary stasis and a poor prognosis for the patient's kidney health.

Diazonium salts

The chemical method used on urine chemistry test strips to determine the presence of leukocyte esterases.

Greiss reaction

The chemical method used on urine chemistry test strips to determine the presence of nitrite.

Error of indicators

The chemical method used on urine chemistry test strips to detect the presence of protein.

Sodium nitroprusside

The chemical reagent used on urine chemistry test strips for the detection of ketones.

Watson-Schwartz test

A laboratory test used to differentiate between porphobilinogen (PBG) and urobilinogen (URO).

Orange sand

The appearance of uric acid or sodium urate crystals in the diaper of a patient with Lesch-Nyhan disease.

$$GFR = \frac{U \times V}{P \times 1440}$$

The simple equation used to calculate the Glomerular Filtration Rate.

Clinitest

A test used to detect reducing sugars and sometimes used to test for alkaptonuria.

Ferric chloride

The method used to test for phenylketonuria (PKU).

$10:1$ to $20:1$

The normal ratio range of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to creatinine.

Ascorbic acid

A substance responsible for causing false negatives on numerous urine chemistry test strip pads.

Clear and colorless

The physical appearance of a normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample from a healthy patient.

India ink stain

The technique used to readily identify a Cryptococcus neoformans infection in the CSF of immunocompromised patients.

$2/3$ ($66\%$)

The approximate ratio of CSF glucose concentration relative to the plasma glucose concentration in a healthy patient.

Pleural transudate

A classification of pleural fluid where the fluid-to-serum ratio for Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD) is less than $0.6$ (e.g., $0.4$).

Steatorrhea

A condition characterized by excess fat in the feces, which acts as an indicator of pancreatic insufficiency.

Monosodium urate (MSU)

A synovial fluid crystal that appears yellow under polarization, is long and needle-like, and is characteristic of gout.

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD)

A synovial crystal observed in patients with conditions leading to elevated plasma calcium, such as multiple myeloma.

ADA (Adenosine Deaminase)

A specific chemical test or indicator used for diagnosing tuberculosis in serous fluids.