Ch. 7

cotransport

active transport of a solute indirectly drives the transport of other proteins

endocytosis

the cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis)

exocytosis

transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, make love, and release their contents outside the cell

osmosis

diffusion of water

tonicity

ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

water potential

potential energy of water in a system compared to pure water

facilitated diffusion

passive since the solute moves down its concentration gradient and transport requires no energy

passive transport

overall movement of substances with a concentration gradient that doesn't need energy

active transport

to move substances against their concentration gradients that requires energy

carrier proteins

proteins involved in active transport

transport proteins

can move solutes against their concentration gradients (stationary)

membrane potential

voltage across the membrane (+) and (-) ions

electrogenic pump

transport protein that generates proteins across a membrane and stores it

sodium-potassium pump

electrogenic pump in animal cells

proton pump

plant pumps, actively transport hydrogen ions (H+) out

plasma membrane

boundary that separates the living cell from its surroundings; held by weak hydrophobic interactions

phospholipids

lipid; head=hydrophobic, tail=hydrophilic in plasma membrane

osmoregulation

the control of solute concentrations and water balance

plasmolysis

membrane pulls away from the cell wall, causing the plant to die

plasma membrane 2

temps cool, switches from fluid to solid; rich in unsaturated fatty acids will be more fluid

cholesterol

warm=restrains; cold=fluid of phospholipids

peripheral proteins

on the surface of the membrane

integral proteins

penetration of the membrane

aquaporins

chanel proteins greatly facilitate the passage of water molecules

centriole

looks like tubes and organize movement of chromosomes

ER

passageways where chemical compounds are manufactured, processed, and transported

golgi apparatus

stacks of membranes who collects, modifies, and packages chemical compounds

lysosome

sac; stores digestive chemicals

mitochondria

use oxygen, converting nutrients to energy

nuclear membrane

body guard of the nucleus

nucleolus

where ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleus

plastid

store food, pigment; not in animal cell

ribosome

where proteins are synthesized

vacuole

vesicle that stores stuff

vesicle

small sac created by golgi apparatus