Depressive Disorders

Major depressive disorder

mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities

emotional symptoms of major depressive disorder

depressed mood

sadness

hopelessness

inability to enjoy

physiological/behavioral symptoms of major depressive disorder

appetite changes

sleep changes

motor changes

fatigue

lack of motivation

cognitive symptoms of major depressive disorder

feel worthless

can’t concentrate

suicidal thoughts

Persistent Depressive Disorder

a mental disease lasting for at least 2 years characterized by low energy, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, poor concentration, difficulty making decisions, poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, and fatigue

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

causes significant emotional and physical symptoms, including depression and mood swings, typically occurring one to two weeks before menstruation

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

Disorder diagnosed between the ages of 6-18 that is characterized by frequent temper outbursts like verbal rages and physical aggression as well as irritability or anger between severe temper outbursts

Sociological etiologies and risk factors

Trauma and Stress

Negative Life Events

Biological etiologies and risk factors

genetics

brain circuits and neurotransmitters causing an overactive right prefrontal cortex

seasonal sunlight exposure

insomnia

Psychological etiologies and risk factors

cognitive distortions

pessimistic Attributional Style

learned helplessness

operant conditioning -reduction of positive reinforcers

Ecological etiologies and risk factors

Diathesis-stress model

Developmental Psychology Model - family instability

Biological Treatments

antidepressants

-SSRIs - prozac, zoloft, paxil, and lexapro

-Atypical - wellbutrin and Zyban

ketamine

electroconvulsive therapy

trans-magnetic stimulation

light therapy

psychosurgery

psychological treatments

CBT

Interpersonal Therapy

Behavioral Activation

Mindfulness

Sociological Treatments

family/relationship therapy