Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

What are the major functions of the skin?

protection, temperature regulation, excretion of waste, vitamin D formation, and stimuli reception.

What is the integumentary system?

skin

What is the epidermis?

outermost layer of skin that provides the first barrier against foreign substances

What is the dermis?

middle layer of skin which contains blood vessels that supplies nutrients and oxygen to the cells

The dermis is also called what?

true skin

What is the subcutaneous fascia/hypodermis?

the lowest layer of skin which consists of connective tissue and adipose tissue

What is hair?

a thread-like outgrowth of protein that protects the body and maintains body temperature

What are sebaceous glands?

oil glands that produce a mixture of fats and proteins to prevent drying of skin and hair

What is sebum?

mixture of fats and proteins

What are sudoriferous glands?

sweat

What are keratinocytes?

cells that produce keratin which gives skin its strength and flexibility

What are melanocytes?

cells that produce melanin

What are Merkel's cells?

cells involved in touch reception

What are Langerhans' cells?

cells that process antigens

basal cell carcinoma

most common and least severe; treated with surgery

squamous cell carcinoma

caused by chronic overexposure to the sun; treatable by removal of the area and chemotherapy

malignant melanoma

most dangerous type; treated by removing affected area, chemotherapy and reduced sun exposure; most common with white people

What does squamous cell carcinoma look like?

red, scaly skin that becomes an open sore

What does a malignant melanoma look like?

asymmetrical, irregular border, weird color, large diameter, and change in size/shape/color

What is impetigo?

contagious bacterial infection of the skin

What are the symptoms of impetigo?

red lesions on the face, lesions rupture and ooze which forms a yellowish brown crust

How do you treat impetigo?

wash lesions and use tropical/oral antibiotics

What is dermatitis?

inflammation of the skin

What is psoriasis?

chronic, non contagious inherited skin disease

What are the symptoms of psoriasis?

red thick areas with white/silver scales

How do you treat psoriasis?

cortisone ointments, topical vitamin D analogs, or UV light exposure

What are decubitus ulcers?

bedsores due to pressure because blood supply is cut off for too long

How do you treat decubitus ulcers?

prevention

What is acne?

inflammatory disease of the skin; caused by blockages in follicles and pores

How many bones are in the skeletal system?

206

What bones are in the axial skeleton?

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

shoulder (pectorial) girdle, arm, hands, hip (pelvic) girdle, legs, feet

Flat bones

skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, scapula

Irregular bones

vertebrae, sacrum, hyoid

Long bones

longer than they are wide; femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, and phalanges

Short bones

wide as they are tall; carpals, tarsals, patella (kneecaps)

What are fibrous joints?

immovable; use collagen to attach bones together

What are synovial joints?

freely movable joints

What are cartilaginous joints?

slightly movable joints

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis

Where are sutures found?

between skull bones

Where are syndesmosis joints found?

between tibia/fibula and radius/ulna

Where are gomphosis joints found?

between teeth and mandible

ball and socket joint examples

shoulder, hip, and femur

hinge joint examples

elbow and knee

pivot joint examples

radius and ulna

condyloid (or ellipsoidal) joint examples

wrist between radius and carpals, or knee

saddle joint examples

joint between carpal thumbs and metacarpals

gliding joint examples

between the carpals

Where can bone marrow be found?

inside the bone

What are osteoblasts?

cells which form new bone

What are osteoclasts?

cells which eat away old bone

What are osteocytes?

mature bone cells

What are the three types of muscles?

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

What are skeletal muscles?

voluntary muscles responsible for movement of the body; contains mutliple nuclei

Where are cardiac muscles found?

in the heart

Where are smooth muscles found?

walls of organs

What do tendons connect?

muscle to bone

What do ligaments connect?

bone to bone

What is insertion?

attachment to movable bone

What is origin?

attachment to stablized/immovable bone

What is agonist/prime mover?

muscles which cause the movement of a limb

What is antagonist?

muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover; responsible for returning a limb to its initial position

What is a synergist?

two muscles which contract and lead to a movement in the same direction about the axis of a joint

What is a fixator?

stabilizes the origin of a prime mover; ex: they hold the bone still

What is elasticity?

muscle's ability for a muscle to quickly return to its original shape and size

What is excitability?

muscle's ability to respond to a stimulus

What is extensibility?

muscle's ability to stretch

What is flexibility?

muscle's ability to change or be changed according to circumstances

What is fibromyalgia?

a chronic condition causing pain, stiffness and tenderness of muscles, tendons, and joints; one of the most common

Who does fibromyalgia usually affect?

women

What is muscular dystrophy?

a genetic disorder which weakens the muscles; uncurable

What causes muscular dystrophy?

incorrect or missing information in the genes

What is a spasm/cramp?

sudden, involuntary, painful muscle contractions; occurs usually in legs/feet

What causes spasms/cramps?

overexertion, dehydration, low electrolyte levels, poor circulation

What can be done to prevent/treat spasms/cramps?

hydration, stretching to warm up

What is a strain?

overstretching/injury to muscle and/or tendons

What causes a muscle strain?

prolonged/sudden muscle exertion

What are the symptoms of a muscle strain?

muscle pain, swelling, limited movement

How do you treat a muscle strain?

RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation)