RT 202 RAD PRODUCTION PRELIMS

matter

anything that occupies space and has mass

mass

the quantity of matter contained in any physical object

weight

the force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity

atoms and molecules

fundamental, complex, building blocks of matter

energy

the ability to do work

work

the transfer of energy by force acting on an object as it is displaced

potential energy

ability to do work by virtue in position

kinetic energy

energy in motion

chemical energy

energy released by chemical reaction

electrical energy

represents the work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage)

thermal energy (heat)

energy of motion at the molecular level and closely related to temperature

nuclear energy

energy that is contained in the nucleons of an atom

electromagnetic energy

it is an energy that travels through spaces that is used in x-ray imaging

radiation

energy emitted and transferred through space

ionizing

special type of atom that includes x-ray; capable of removing an orbital electron from an atom

non-ionizing

type of radiation that cannot ionize an atom; ex. microwave and radio

ionization

removal of electrons from shell

cosmic rays

emitted by the sun and the stars

terestial

results from deposits of uranium, thorium, and other radionuclides in the earth

internally deposited radionuclides

natural metabolites; ex. potassium-40

potassium-40

important in metabolic activities (allows us to digest); located in the mitochondria

radon

largest source from natural environment; radioactive gas produced by the natural decay of uranium that emits alpha particles; ex. all earth-based materials such as concrete and bricks

diagnostic x-rays

constitutes the largest man-made source of ionizing radiation (3mSv/yr)

elements

atoms that have the same atomic numbers and chemical properties; cannot be reduced further without changing its chemical properties

atom

the smallest particle that has all the properties of an element

indivisible

atom came from the greek word atomos, which means ________

greek atom

matter is composed of 4 substances: earth, fire, water, air

dalton atom

eye and hook; to account for chemical combination

dmitri mendeleev

created the periodic table of elements; elements are arranged in increasing atomic mass

thomson atom

plum pudding; plums as electrons and pudding as a shapeless mass of uniform positive electrification

rutherford atom

nuclear model; positively charged center (nucleus) surrounded by negatively cloud electrons

bohr atom

miniature solar system: electrons revolved around the nucleus in prescribed orbits or energy levels; quantum chromodynamics (qcd)

electrons

negative electric charge

protons

positive electric charge

neutron

neutral charge

nucleons

protons + neutrons; composed of quarks that are held together by gluons; describes the atomic mass

atomic number (Z)

number of protons

atomic mass number

average number of nucleons

(principal) quantum numbers

represents the number according to the placement of each shell; K, L, M, N, O, P, Q

2n²

formula in determining the maximum number of electrons in each shell

binding energy

energy of a shell/particle that is inherent to them; the greater the distance from the nucleus, the weaker the binding energy

nuclear binding energy (NBE)

energy that comes from the nucleus; keeps the shells of an atom to stay where they are

electron binding energy (EBE)

holds electrons to its specific shell

valences shell/q-shell

the outermost shell of an atom; weakest binding energy; valence electrons

centripetal force

force that keeps an electron in orbit

centrifugal force

maintains electron distance from the nucleus while traveling in circles

stable atom

equal number of protons and electrons

unstable atom

has extra protons or extra neutrons

ionization

gain or loss of electrons; the process of ejecting electron from an atom

34eV

required amount of energy in order to ionize an atom

excitation

the transfer of an electron from ground state to a higher/outer orbit; this happens if the energy is lower than 34eV

isotopes

same atomic number, different atomic mass number

isobar

different atomic number, same atomic mass number

isomer

same atomic number, same atomic mass number

isotone

different number of protons, same number of neutrons

radioactivity/radioactive disintegration/radioactive decay

defined as the spontaneous emission of particles and energy in order to become stable or transform itself into another atom

uranium

the oldest radioactive atom

radium

the daughter nuclei of uranium

radon

the daughter nuclei of radium

radionuclides

nuclei that undergo radioactive decay

isotopes

atoms that have the same number of proton but differ in number of neutrons

radioisotopes

artificially produced particle accelerators or nuclear reactors; radioactive material used for medical purposes that is considered safe

radiopharmaeuticals

radioisotopes is one of its components; used in nuclear medicine; these are injected in the body for medication

number of neutrons

affects the nuclear stability the most

alpha emission

an emission wherein the nucleus must be extremely unstable to emit an alpha particle; but when it does, it loses 2 units of positive charge and 4 unit of mass

beta emission

an emission wherein an electron created in the nucleus is ejected from the atom; the result is to increase atomic number by 1

cyclotron

an instrument where a radioactive material’s intensity and half-life is regulated

particulate radiation

alpha particles and beta particles are its 2 main types

electromagnetic radiation

x-rays and gamma rays

alpha particle

the weakest particle; a helium nucleus that contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons; only emitted from the nuclei of heavy elements; harmless externally, harmful internally

beta particle

an electron emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom

photons

have no mass and no charge; x-rays and gamma rays are often called ______

x-rays

produced outside the nucleus in the electron shells (electron clouds); usually used in radiography

gamma rays

emitted from the nucleus of a radioisotope; usually used in redioactive therapy and nuclear medicine

radioactive half-life

it is the time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to ½ its original value

becquerel (Bq)

old unit of half-life; derived from Henry Becquerel

curie

new unit of half-life; derived from Marie Curie

electrostatic

the study of stationary electric charges

electrons and protons

smallest units of electric charge

electricity

form of energy created by the activity of electrons in motion (electron flow)

contact

direct physical touching

friction

rubbing 2 objects together creating sparks

induction

without physical contact

electrified

an object is said to be _______ if it has too few or too many electrons

electrostatic law

unlike charges attract, like charges repel

positive charge

electric field direction is away from ______

negative charge

electric field direction is towards ______

sharpest curvature

the electric charge of a conductor is concentrated along the ___________

electric potential/voltage

the intensity of electron flow; the higher the voltage, the greater the potential to do work

electrodynamics

study of electric charge in motion

conductor

any substance through which electrons can easily flow; ex. metal (copper), water

insulator

any material that does not allow electron flow; ex. plastic; ex. glass, clay, plastic

semiconductor

a material that hat under some condition behaves as an insulator and in other conditions behaves as an conductor; ex. silicon and germanium

electric circuit

path of electron flow; when resistance is controlled and the conductor is made into a closed path, the result is _______

electric current

number or flow of electrons/electric charge; measured in amperes (A)

electric potential

energy or intensity of electricity; measured in volts (V)

electric resistance

restriction of electron flow; measured in ohms (Ω)

direct current

electrons flow in only 1 direction

alternating current

electrons oscillate back and forth (or alternating flow)

electric power

overall electricity; measured in watts (W)