AP Human Geo Chapter 1

physical map

shows the physical features of an area

political map

shows the boundaries between countries or regions (cities, states, countries)

place

a particular point on earth, distinguished by a specific charecataristic

Map scale

relationship of a features size on a map to its actual size on earth

small scale

smaller whole fraction - less detail

large scale

bigger whole fraction - more detail

region

an area defined by one or more distictive charectaristics

cartography

the study of map making

cartogram

a map where the projection is distorted to convey information

isoline map

continuous lines to represent things like elevation or temperature

choropleth map

chunks of patterns or colors to show variable

graduated symbol map

size of symbol is in proportion to the mapped variable

dot map

dot represents frequency of variable

projection

putting an area of the earth on a flat map

distortion

when you make a projection and it changes the shape/ size of some areas - affects small scale maps more

GIS

geographic information system - computer system that captures, stores, and displays geographic data

GIScience

analysis of data collected about earth

remote sensing

the collecting of data in a satellite about earth

Absolute location

descrition of a place in specific way that never changes

GPS

determines absolute location through satellites and recievers

relative location (situation)

location of a place relative to another

toponym

name of place

site

the physical character of a place

lattitude

equator

longitude

prime meridian - Greenwhich

Formal Region (uniform)

everyone shares a distictive trait in common - political organization, language

Functional Region (nodal)

an area organized around a node or focal point - newspaper - diminished farther away from center point

Perceptual Region (vernacular)

areas that exist as parts of peoples cultural idenitities - Pacific Northwest, the South

cultural landcape

part of geography that emphasizes social and physical events

culture

the shared beliefs, traditions, and practices of a group of people

globalization

actions or processes that result in something having a worldwide scope

transnational coorporations

do business in many different countries, not just at headquarters

distribution

the way something is arranged across earth’s surface

Density

frequency in which something occurs in same space

concentration

how much space same thing takes up

pattern

arregement of objects in same space

unequal access

uneven distribution and availability of resources in the world

uneven development

increasing economic gap between central places and farther places

resource

a substance in the enviroment that gets used by humans

sustainablilty

whether we can continue to use resouces with them still being available in the future

conservation

the management of natural resources

preservation

the maintenance of resources to with as little human impact as possible

abiotic/biotic

non-living or living

climate

long term average weather conditions of place

ecosystem

a group of living organisms and the abiotic things they interact with

enviromental determinism

the belief that the environment is causal with social and economic development

Enviromental Possibilism

enviroment may limit some things, but humans have the ability to adjust to their environment

cultural diffusion

the spread of an idea from one culture to another

relocation diffusion

when someone physically moves and brings their culture with them

expansion diffusion

ideas spread without people physically moving

hierarchal expansion

a position of power spreads idea to larger group - king saying nation is now certain religion

contagious expansion

ideas spread quickly through common people - memes on social media

stimulus expansion

when only part of an idea spreads but not all - local menus of globalized restaurants

space time compression

the reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place