History Unit 8 pt 2

The Great Depression

Worst economic depression in American History; it was spurred by the stock market crash of 1929 and lasted until World War II

stock market crash

Also know as Black Tuesday, a stock market panic in 1929 that resulted in the loss of more than $10 billion in market value (worth approximately ten times more today); one among many causes of the Great Depression

Herbert Hoover

The 31st President of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933, during the onset of the Great Depression. He is often criticized for his response to the economic crisis.

the New Deal

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s campaign promise, in his speech to the Democratic National Convention of 1932, to combat the Great Depression with a “new deal for the American people”; the phrase became a catchword for his ambitious plan of economic programs

FDR

The 32nd President of the United States, serving from 1933 to 1945, who led the country through the Great Depression and World War II. He implemented the New Deal to provide relief, recovery, and reform to the American economy.

the welfare state

A term that originated in Britain during Word War II to refer to a system of income assistance, health coverage, and social services for all citizens

Social Security

A 1935 act created this system with provisions for a retirement pension unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and public assistance (welfare)

the Dust Bowl

Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland in the 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed

the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

A US government agency established in 1935 to enforce labor laws and protect the rights of employees to organize and bargain collectively.

Adolf Hitler

Leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and key figure in World War II, known for his role in the Holocaust.

 Benito Mussolini

Italian dictator and founder of Fascism, who ruled Italy from 1922 until his ousting in 1943, known for his alliance with Hitler during World War II.

fascism

A political ideology that emphasizes authoritarianism, nationalism, and often militarism, characterized by dictatorial power and the suppression of opposition.

isolationism

Term that entered the language in the 1820s to describe the increasing emphasis on the pursuit of personal advancement and private fulfillment free of outside interference.

America First Committee

An influential organization led by prominent businessmen (1940-41) opposed to American involvement in World War II

Pearl Harbor

Japanese surprise attack on December 7, 1941. U.S enters WWII due to this.

Axis powers

In WWII, the nations of Germany, Italy and Japan

D-Day

June 6, 1944, when Allied amphibious assault landed on the Normandy coast and established a foothold in Europe, leading to the liberation of france from German occupation. Turning point in war.

The Holocaust

Systemic racist attempt by the Nazis to exterminate the Jews of Europe, resulting in the murder of over 6 million Jews and more than a million other “undesirables”

 the second Great Migration

The movement of Black migrants from the rural South to the cities of the North and West, which occurred from 1941 through World War II, that dwarfed the Great Migration of WWI

 A. Philip Randolph

prominent civil rights leader and labor organizer. He is best known for his role in advocating for African American workers' rights and organizing the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), the first predominantly Black labor union to be recognized by a major corporation.

The double-V

Led by the Pittsburgh Courier, the movement that pressed for victory over fascism abroad and over racism at home. It argued that since African Americans were risking their lives abroad, they should receive full civil rights at home

Paul Robeson

a multi-talented artist, athlete, and activist known for his deep baritone voice, acting prowess, and unwavering commitment to civil rights and social justice. His career spanned music, theater, film, and political activism

 Black Internationalism

A global movement connecting the struggles of Black people against racism, colonialism, and imperialism. Advocates like W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, Paul Robeson, and A. Philip Randolph emphasized solidarity between African Americans, Africans, and the African diaspora in fighting for liberation, labor rights, and self-determination. 🌍✊🏿