Year 10 Biology

Alleles

Alternate gene for a characteristic, e.g. T and t for tounge rolling

Autosomal

Related to Chromosomes that are not allosomes (sex chromosomes)

Amino acid

Building blocks of proteins

Asexual Reproduction

When an offspring is produced by one organism only

Autosomes

Chromosomes that are not allosomes (sex chromosomes)

Binary Fission

Type of asexual reproduction in which the genetic material along with cellular material is equally halved to form to new offspring

Budding

Type of asexual reproduction in which an outgrowth forms on the organism and then detaches to grow into a new organism

Bulbs

Underground buds with fleshy leafs for the purpose of vegetative propagation

Chromosomes

Thread like structures generally present in the nucleus of every cells containing DNA and proteins

Chromatids

Identical half of the replicated chromosome

Cloning

When a cell is manipulated to form a genetically identical self

Diploid (2n)

Complete set of chromosomes in a cell

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid - the genetic material

DNA Replication

The genetic material gets doubled before cell division

Dominant

The allele that gets expressed even in heterozygous condition

Ejaculation

Expulsion of semen

External Fertilisation

When the fertilization occurs outside the female body

Fertilisation

Union of the male and the female gamete

Fragmentation

Type of asexual reproduction in which the parent body breaks into multiple parts (fragments), each then growing into a new organism

Gamete

End product of meiosis, the sex cells

Gene

Unit of genetic material, sequences of DNA

Genetic Code

The information encoded in DNA or RNA which helps protein synthesis

Human Genome

Complete genetic information in humans

Genetic Engineering

Manipulation of genetic information using modern technology and human intervention.

Genetics

Study of genes and inheritance

Genotype

The combination of alleles per trait

Gestation

The period of foetal development inside the female body

Haploid (n)

Half the number of chromosomes

Heterozygous

Different forms of alleles for traits in an organism

Homozygous

When both alleles for a characteristic are the same

Incomplete dominance

Not completely dominant or recessive; expresses as a gradient phenotype

Internal Fertilisation

When the fertilisation occurs inside the female body

Karyotype

A picture of an individual's chromosomes produced by taking a photograph

Mammal

Vertebrate Animals with mammary glands

Marsupial

Type of Mammals that nurture their offspring in an external pouch

Meiosis

Type of cell division that takes place only in sex cells

Menstruation

Monthly discharge of blood and inner layer of uterine wall via vagina

Mitosis

Type of cell division taking place in all type of cells

Monohybrid

The hybrid produced after a monohybrid cross

Monotreme

Type of mammals that lay eggs

Mutant

Organism or gene resulting from a mutation

Mutation

A permanent, heritable change involving a gene or chromosome

Nucleotide

Single unit of DNA made up of 1 nitrogen base pair + Phosphate groups + Sugar Molecule

Nucleus

The central core of every cell that controls every cellular activity

Parthenogenesis

Type of asexual reproduction in which an unfertilised egg produces an organism

Pedigree

A family tree

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organism

Placental

Related to placenta - the organ that connects the foetus to the uterine wall

Pollen

Male gamete in flowering plants

Pollination

Transfer of male gamete on the stigma

Pregnancy

The state of carrying a foetus inside the female body

Puberty

The age when the mammals are ready for sexual reproduction

Recessive

The allele that can be expressed only when homozygous

Regeneration

Process of formation of new tissue

Rhizomes

Modified stems, generally underground

Runners

Stems that grow horizontally

Self-Pollination

Transfer of pollen to stigma of the same flower or on a flower of the same plant

Sex linkage

Genes present on the sex chromosome, hence, inheritance pattern linked with them

Sexual Intercourse

Sexual contact between 2 individuals

Spores

Represents the sexual life cycle of non - flowering plants

Trait

Represents the sexual life cycle of non - flowering plants

Characteristics expressed through genes

Tubers

Fleshy underground stems

Vegetative Reproduction

Reproduction by any other organ but the sex organs

Zygote

Product of union of gametes - ovum and sperm

Evolution

Change in the features of a species over many generations.

Natural Selection

The process by which organisms adapt to survive their environment by choosing genes which increase their chance of survival and reproduction.

Variation

Differences in genetic material between generations of the same species

Selective Agent

A factor which acts on a population and increases or decreases its reproduction rate

Biodiversity

The range of different species in a community.

Mutation

A permanent, heritable change involving a gene or a chromosome

Artificial Selection

Breeding of plants and animals to increase the desirable traits in the offspring

Fossil

The preserved evidence of a once-living organism.

Fossil Record

All the data recorded and archived in any of the above mentioned forms of all fossils discovered

Extinct

Organism is no longer alive

Speciation

Formation of new species which has different genotype and phenotype from its predecessors.