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Energy Resources
Natural resources such as energy, water, and soil harnessed for sustainability.
Renewable Energy Sources
Energy resources that can be replaced naturally and include biomass, solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and ocean energy.
Hydro Energy
Energy generated by utilizing the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water.
Ocean Power
Energy generated from waves, tides, and temperature fluctuations of ocean water.
Geothermal Energy
Energy derived from the heat stored within the Earth.
Biomass
Organic material that comes from plants and animals, used as a renewable energy source.
Solar Energy
Energy harnessed from the sun, which can be converted into electricity using solar cells.
Wind Energy
Energy produced by the movement of air, converted into electricity using wind turbines.
Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Energy sources that do not replenish within a human time frame, including coal, natural gas, and petroleum.
Coal Energy
Energy produced from burning coal, which is formed from sedimentary rock made up of organic materials.
Natural Gas
Fossil fuel composed mostly of methane, used for heating, cooking, and electricity generation.
Petroleum
A liquid fossil fuel formed from ancient microorganisms, used for transportation fuels.
Environmental Concerns
Issues related to the impact of energy production and consumption on the ecosystem and public health.
Hydraulic Fracturing
A method of extracting natural gas by drilling and injecting high-pressure fluid.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
Utilizes temperature differences between surface and deep ocean water to generate energy.
Renewable Act of 2008
Philippine law promoting the development and utilization of renewable energy resources.
Flash Steam
A type of geothermal energy that utilizes high-pressure hot water to produce steam.
Kinetic Energy
Energy possessed by a body due to its motion, which can be harnessed for electricity generation.
Pollution Prevention
Strategies aimed at reducing or eliminating waste and emissions to protect environmental quality.
Carbon Footprint
The total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organization, event, or product.
Characteristics of a Mineral
Generally inorganic,
Naturally occurring
Solid substance
Crystalline structure
Definite chemical composition.
Rock
Any solid mass of mineral matter that occurs naturally as a part of our planet
Quartz Composition
Consists of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) atoms in a 1:2 ratio.
Mineraloids
Natural, inorganic solids that do not exhibit crystallinity, such as pumice and obsidian.
Mohs Scale
A scale used to measure the hardness of minerals, ranging from talc (1) to diamond (10).
Gold Purity Levels
The measurement of gold content in jewelry, expressed in karats: 24K is pure gold, while 10K contains 42% gold.
Silicates
Minerals that contain the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as their building block.
Native Elements
Minerals composed of single elements, such as gold (Au) and copper (Cu).
Atoms as a building block of minerals
Elements join atoms of other elements to form chemical compounds.
Economic Use of Hematite
Hematite (Fe2O3) is an ore of iron and is used as a pigment.
Sulfides
Minerals containing sulfur, such as galena (PbS) and pyrite (FeS2), often used in acid production.
Crystal Habit
The characteristic shape of individual crystals or aggregates of crystals, such as fibrous, bladed, or cubic.
Color
Most obvious characteristic of any mineral
Luster
The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral
Diaphaneity
Ability of a mineral to transmit light
Fracture
Minerals that have chemical bonds that are equally, or nearly equally strong in all directions
Brittle
Breaks/powders easily
Malleable
Can be hammered into thin sheets
Sectile
Can be cut into thin shavings with a knife
Ductile
Can be stretched into a wire
Flexible
Ability to bend without breaking
Elastic
Ability to restore in its form after deformation
Streak
The color of a mineral in powdered form, used for identification.
Cleavage
The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonds, resulting in smooth surfaces.
Density
The ratio of a mineral's weight to the weight of an equal volume of water.
Stars: the Main Sequence
Stars fall along a sinuous band from luminous, bright, and hot to less luminous, dim, and cool called the main sequence.
What are main sequence stars made of?
Hydrogen, Helium, fueled by hydrogen fusion.
What is the life cycle of an average-mass star?
Cloud of dust and gas → become hot turning into protostar → hot hydrogen core FUSES to form helium → Becomes main sequence star → expands into red giant from heat and helium fusion → Helium fusion stops, star collapse into white dwarf
Life cycle of a Massive Star
Cloud of dust and gas → hot protostar → hydrogen fuses into helium → becomes a main sequence star → expands into super red giant with iron and other elements → collapses and turns into a supernova → becomes a neuron star or black hole
Galaxies
A large volume of space containing many billions of stars, geld together by mutual gravitational attraction.
What are the types of galaxies?
There are three types, spiral, barred spiral, and elliptical.
What is the milkyway?
It is the galaxy our solar system is in. It contains dwarf galaxies, diffused clouds of gas and dust between the stars, and a galactic halo.
Dark Matter
A matter that forms 96% of the universe. It has dark mass which is a form of matter that does not interact with light , and dark energy that is a repulsive force that pushes matter outward while causing the expansion of the universe to speed up.
Closed universe hypothesis
If the gravitational force of the universe is sufficient, it will reverse expansion, and collapse in on itself and then explode again to form a new universe.
Open universe hypothesis
If the gravitational force of the universe is not sufficient, then the galaxy will continue to expand forever.
Waves
They are disturbances that transmit energy from one point to another in the form of crests (up) and throughs (down). Wavelengths refer to the distance between the waves. Frequency is the number of waves in a given amount of time.
Doppler effect for light
Color depends on the frequency of light waves.
Doppler effect for sound
When the observer moves closer or farther to the sound source, the wavelength/frequency changes, therefor changing the sound.
Red and Blue shift in light
Red shifts = Lower frequencies and more red when you move away
Blue shifts = Higher frequencies and more blue when you move closer
Expanding universe theory
Because of the light coming to Earth from all distant displayed galaxies displayed a red shift that suggest they are moving away from us.
Hubble’s Law
The observation that galaxies recede at speeds proportional to their distance from the observer. As space expands, so does the galaxies in them.
Big Bang Theory
13.7 Billion years ago, the universe started to rapidly expand, but before that space or time didn’t exist. In a compact point called singularity, there was matter and energy.
(BBT) Less than 0.01 second of the universe’s existence
Underwent a rapid burst of expansion called cosmic inflation
(BBT) 1st second of the universe’s existence
Cooled to 10 billion degrees, formation of primordial matter. Universe consisted of electrons, protons, neutrons, and neutrinos
(BBT) 1.5 - 10 minutes of the universe
Extremely hot protons fused, forming the nucleus of helium. Then helium nuclei were blasted apart as soon as they were formed during the first 1.5 minutes. After 10 minutes the universe cooled down forming the helium nuclei called the primordial nucleosynthesis.
(BBT) 300,000 years after the big bang
Electrons attached to hydrogen and helium, forming the first atom
(BBT) After 1- 14 billion years, and today
Galaxies evolved, and our solar system was created 9 billion years after the big bang.
Evidence that supports the Big Bang Theory
Galaxies move away from each other according to Hubble’s law and the red shift.
There is also an abundance of light elements such as hydrogen and helium.
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB) is also key evidence.
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
The universe was unimaginably hot, so researchers should be able to detect the remnant of the heat. In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered this microwave radiation which filled the entire visible universe.
Earth Science
It aims to understand Earth and its neighbors in space. It includes geology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy.
What is Geology?
The study of the Earth. It include physical geology where it examines the components, materials, and processes under under and on the Earth’s surfaces. It also includes historical geology which aims to understand the history of the Earth up to 4-6 Billion years ago.
What is Oceanography ?
Involves the study of the ocean and its movements, compositions, topography, and marine life.
What is Astronomy?
The study of the universe.
What is Meteorology?
The study of the atmosphere, climate, and weather.
Scientific Method
A systematic process that collects observation, forms and test hypothesis, make predictions, and identifies patterns in the physical world.
First step of the Scientific Method
Exploration and Observation - Observe qualitative or quantitative data about the natural world.
Inductive reasoning
Generalizations that happen from multiple specific observations that have already happened.
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning from logic that flows in an opposite direction. If something is true, then the latter must be false.
Second step of the scientific method
Identify the problem
Third step of the Scientific Method
Ask the question
Fourth Step of the Scientific Method
Form a hypothesis - a TESTABLE explanation of a situation that can be supported or disproved.
Fifth step of the Scientific Method
Conduct an experiment - Must be a scientific test under controlled conditions. Researcher manipulates one factor in a system to observe the effects of this change.
Independant Variable
The change in the experiment. The one being MANIPULATED by the researchers.
Dependent Variable
The result of the change in the experiment.
Controlled Variable
Factor/s that remain constant throughout the experiment.
Sixth step of the scientific method
Collect the data
Seventh step of the scientific method
Analyze the data
Eighth step of the scientific method
Draw a conclusion.
Scientific Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested and can be backed up by a much greater body of evidence.
Scientific Law
It describes a specific phenomenon or relationship. It applies without exception for a defined range of conditions. For example: Newton’s First Law of Motion.
Nature of our solar system
Formed 4.6 Billion years ago from clouds of dust and gas rotating slowly in space. Located in the Milky Way galaxy.
99.85 % of the mass in our solar system is contained within the sun. The remaining plants account for the 0.15%.
All plants travel in the same direction on slightly elliptical orbits.
Planets
Orbit around the sun, are a nearly round shape, has cleared its orbit of other objects/debris. Either terrestrial or gas planets
Terrestrial Planets
Made of materials with higher melting points
Rotate slower
Have thin or now atmosphere
High densities
Lower contents of volatiles (Hydrogen, helium, and noble gases)
In our solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon. Mars
Gas Planets / Gas giants
Dominance of gases
Rotate faster
Thick atmosphere
Low densities
Fluid interiors rich in hydrogen, helium, and ices.
Our solar system: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Asteroids
An object that orbits the sun but is too small to be considered a planet. They are between Mars and Jupiter in the region known as the asteroid belt.
Comets
Loose collections of rocky material. dust, water, ice, and include frozen gas.
Meteoroid → Meteor → Meteorite
Meteoroid that enters the Earth’s atmosphere, and flares up as a meteor, then strikes earth’s surface as a meteorite.
Dwarf Planets
Circular, celestial body that orbit the sun but are not large enough to have their gravity sweep orbits clear of other debris.
Kupier Belt
Icy bodies found inside the Kuiper belt and include the dwarf planets found there. Include at least three: Pluto, Haumea, and Make Make
Nebular Theory
Planets are developed from the rings of gas and dust surrounding the proto-Sun. The gas and dust condensed into planetesimals → → formed protoplanets → grew up into true planets
