Phyla Pseudocoelomate

characteristics of pseudocoelomate

pseudocoelom, and cuticle

pseudocoelom comes from

blastocoel, not from mesoderm

pseudocoelom is space between

gut and mesoderm and ectodermal parts of body wall

pseudocoelom space filled with fluid for

differentiation of systems, storage of waste products, used for hydrostatic skeleton

cuticle is

noncellular

cuticle is the

outer covering, over epidermis

cuticle is for

protection against water loss or gain

cuticle is resistant to

environmental chemicals

characteristics of pseudocoelomate systems they dont have

circulatory, respiratory, true skeletal

characteristics of pseudocoelomate systems they have

reproduction, excretion, digestive, muscle, nerve hydrostatic skeleton

reproduction is usually

dioecious

excretion is through

protonephridia

digestive system is

complete

muscles most have

longitudinal only

nerves are

ladder like with cerebral ganglia

hydrostatic skeleton for

movement

pseudocoelomate phyla based on

phylogenetic data

phylogenetic data for pseudcoelomates are broken up into

two superphyla

the two superphyla are

ecdysozoan and lophotrochozoan

ecdysozoan phyla classes

nematoda, nematomorpha, kinorhyncha, loricifera, priapulida

Lophotrochozoan phyla classes

rotifera, acanthacephala, gastrotricha, entoprocta

rotifera bear

ciliated crown when beating looks like a rotating wheel called corona

rotifera most are

freshwater some are marine

rotifera have a forked

foot with cement glands for attachment

rotifera have complex

digestive structures such as mastax

phylum rotifera are diverse in

size shape and color

phylum rotifera cyclomorphosis is the

variation in body form, accommodates seasonal and food changes

rotifera encystment is how they

endure desiccation and temperature changes

phylum rotifera form

head, trunk, tail

rotifera function of head

the corona, ciliated crown, only part ciliated, feeding and locomotion, mouth located in corona

rotifera trunk is

elongated, saccular

rotifera tail is the

foot, bears 1-4 toes, cuticle (may be ringed to be retactile), pedal glands, secrete adhesive

rotifera digestion coronal cilia

sort out large particles

rotifera digestion mastax

muscular pharynx equipped with trophi

a trophi is

hard jaws

rotifera digestion salivary and gastric glands

secrete enzymes for extracellular digestion

rotifera digestion stomach

absorbs nutrients

rotifera excretion

protonephridial tubules

rotifera protonephridial tubules each with several

flame cells

rotifera flame cells empty

into common bladder

rotifera bladder pulsates

empties into cloaca

rotifera osmoregulation

water enters via mouth not epidermis

rotifer reproduction is

dioecious

rotifer 2 eggs

amictic (2n) and mictic (n)

amictic develop

parthenogenetically and produce 2n female

mictic are

winter eggs, if not fertilized, produces haploid male, if fertilized, produces diploid female

Phylum nematomorpha are the

horse hair worms

nematomorpha larvae

parasitic in insects

nematomorpha adults

aquatic but do not feed

nematomorpha life cycle

eggs ingested by grasshopper, larva develops in gut, emerges when host near water, develops into adult

nematomorpha are

dioecious

phylum nematoda are the

round worms

nematoda are

numerous, slender, cylindrical

nematoda unsegmented or segmented

unsegmented

nematoda are found in

all types of habitats, terrestrial, marine, freshwater

nematoda reproduction

dioecious

nematoda important models in

cell biology and development

nematoda distinguishing characteristics

cylindrical shape, nonliving cuticle, lack motile cilia or flagella (except for 1 species) muscles in body wall run only longitudinally, express eutely

eutely is a

set number of cells

ascaris lumbricoides are

intestinal roundworms

life cycle of ascaris lumbricoides

ingested by humans as eggs, intestinal larvae get into blood, carried to lungs, gets coughed up and swallowed, adult develops in small intestine, eggs released through feces

necature americanus are the

hookworms

cycle of necature americanus

penetrates skin on bottom of feet, gets into blood and goes to lungs, coughed up and swallowed, attached to intestine, produce anticoagulant and feed on blood

life cycle of hookworm (more detail)

eggs pass in feces, juveniles hatch in soil and feed on bacteria, human skin in contact with soil infective juveniles burrow through skin, migrate to blood, travel to lungs, coughed up and swallowed, mature in intestine

enterobius vermicularis is the

pin worm

pin worm is the most

common parasite in humans

life cycle of pin worm

adults in folds of anus, female emerges to lay eggs, eggs get under nails are also airborne, larvae develop in digestive tract, not very serious, more of a nuisance

trichinella sprialis causes

trichinosis

trichinella is the smallest

nematoda that infects humans

you get trichinella from

eating undercooked port or carnivores

humans are not in the natural cycle of

trichinella

trichinella in humans encysts in

muscles, causing aches

natural life cycle of trichinella

one host (pigs, rats, cats, or dogs), larvae feed in intestine, encyst in skeletal muscles, muscle with cysts are eaten and animals are infected, adults live in intestine and reproduce there

filarial worms are transmitted by

biting flies, mosquitoes, or copepods in drinking water

three main types of filarial worms infect humans how many species

8

three main types of filarial worms and what they affect are

lymphatic filariases that affect the lymphatic system, subcutaneous filariasis that affect the fat layer under the skin, and serous filariasis that affects the tissues lining the abdomen

filarial worms also includes

heartworms in dogs and cats

filarial worms life cycle

females release live young into blood and lymphatics, microfilariae develop to the infective juvenile stage, escape when mosquito feeds again, juveniles migrate to regional lymph nodes via lymphatic system, mature into adults, reproduce and produce microfilariae migrate to blood stream

microfilariae are

live filarial young

filarial worms that infect lymphatic system causes the condition of

elephantiasis

elephantiasis is

swelling of the extremities, transmitted by mosquitoes

filarial worms are found in the

tropics

elephantiasis blockage of

lymph

filarial worms heartworms in dogs is

dirofilaria immitis

filarial worms (heartworms in dogs) is transmitted by

mosquitoes

filarial worms (heart worms in dogs) microfilariae live in

blood stream

filarial worms (heart worms in dogs) adults mature and reproduce in the

heart

filarial worms african eye worm is the

loa loa

filarial worms african eye worm subcutaneous type

mostly in the skin but can migrate to the eye

filarial worms african eye worm vector is

deer fly or mango fly

filarial worms african eye worm generally does not

cause vision problems

filarial worms onchocerca volvulus is what type

subcutaneous

onchocerca volvulus is transmitted by

black flies

onchocerca volvulus worms mainly in

the skin but sometimes migrate to the eye

onchocerca volvulus causes

onchocerciasis aka river blindness

onchocerciasis blindness caused from an

immune response to bacteria living inside the worm

filarial worms guinea worm is known as the

dracunculus medinesis

guinea worm transmitted by

copepods (water fleas) from unfiltered drinking water

guinea worm type

subcutaneous