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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
The amount of energy required to sustain a person’s metabolism for one day if he or she is at complete rest
Macronutrients
Substances such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids that the body requires in relatively large quantities
Micronutrients
Vitamins and minerals that are essential to the body in small amounts
Absorption
The movement of food molecules from the small intestine into the blood
Bile
A watery substance produced by the liver that contains bile salts, which help emulsify fats
Chemical breakdown
The breakdown of large food molecules into smaller molecules by enzymes; historically referred to as digestion
Chyme
The mixture of food and digestive juice in the stomach and duodenum
Defecation
The discharge of feces from the anus
Emulsification
The breakdown of large fat particles into much smaller particles, aided by bile
Ingestion
The intake of food and liquids via the mouth
Mechanical breakdown
The breakdown of food into smaller pieces, thus increasing its surface area
Peristalsis
A wave of symmetrical squeezing of the digestive tract walls that occurs during digestion to move food along the GI tract
Constipation
Condition characterized by difficulty in defecating
Crohn’s disease
A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that usually affects the small intestine or colon
Diarrhea
The occurrence of frequent, watery bowel movements
Diverticulitis
Development of inflammation in the diverticula
Gastroesophageal reflux
The movement of chyme from the stomach into the lower esophagus
Hepatitis
A group of diseases characterized by inflammation of and damage to the liver
Inflammatory bowel disease
A condition in which the wall of the small and/or large intestine becomes chronically inflamed
Ulcerative Colitis
An inflammatory bowel disease that usually affects the colon and the mucosal layer of the intestinal wall
Peptic Ulcer
A break in the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or lower esophagus
