Sports Science Semester 1 Exam Practice

Standard Deviation

a spread of scores around the mean

State why standard deviation is useful

Displays the consistency of each sample

t-test

used to determine if two sets of data are significantly different from each other.

Error bars

graphical representation of variability of the data

Specificity

Measuring the skills needed for a sport can see how well the athlete can maintain that skill when repeatedly doing it.

Accuracy

Checking if the instruments you're using in an experiment are working properly

Reliability

if you repeated the test again are you likely to get similar results

Validity

Does the test actually test what is tests

Control group

a bunch of people are put into a group that doesn't get any special treatment for the experiment.

Why is it important to have an control group?

To see if your hypothesis correlates with the data collected and overcoming learning problems

Randomized groups

People of various skill levels are put in different groups by random. This is to ensure that we don't favor one group over another.

Blind experiment

Participants in the experiment don't know which group they are in. If the participants know what they are getting, it will defeat the purpose of the experiment

Double blind experiment

both the participants and the experimenters are unaware of who is in the experimental or control groups. This is to make sure that neither party influences the results.

Placebo

A harmless substance given to the participants in the controlled group. The substance won't affect the person's performance during the experiment.

PAR-Q

a questionnaire that makes sure the participant doesn't have any health issues that will put them in danger in the experiment

Field testing

tests that can be done without expensive equipment and in sports setting

Laboratory testing

experiments that are done in a lab. More accurate than field testing

Maximal

testing for a person's maximum ability. Used for people who are physically fit

Sub-maximal

Not working to exhaustion. For people who are afraid or aren't knowledgeable of pushing their limits. Good for children and the elderly

Body composition

The relation of fat mass to fat free mass (bones, muscles etc)

Cardiovascular fitness

ability to take in, deliver and use oxygen for use of a aerobic activity

Flexibility

ability to move through a full range of movement around a joint

Muscular strength

ability to generate force using muscle(s)

Muscular endurance

ability of a muscle(s) to maintain force or power

Agility

The ability to change direction at speed with control

Balance

stability of body

Coordination

the ability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently

Reaction time

duration between presentation of a stimulus and associated response

Speed

change of distance with respect to time when movement occurs

Power

rate of doing work?strength and speed

Harvard Step Test

testing the participant on heart rate recovery after performing the task.

Cooper 12 minute run test

Participant run/walk as fast as they can in 12 minutes.

Multi-stage fitness test

AKA the Beep test. Participant runs increasingly faster in 20 meter shuttles until they're exhausted

Sit and reach test

Tests the flexibility of a person in the lower back and hamstring muscles.

Maximum push up test

Participant does as many push ups as they can with no time limit. This measures upper body strength and enduranc

Sit up test

Measure the strength and endurance of your stomach and hip-flexor muscles

Illinois

Tests agility by having you run as quickly as possible through a series of cones placed in a certain way

Hand grip dynamometer

Measures the maximum strength of your hand and forearm using this machine

40 meter sprint test

The person being tested sprints 40 meters as fast as they can. Warm-ups and practice sprints should be done before test

BMI

Equation to calculate the if your is normal, overweight and obese (person's weight divided by their height squared).

Anthropometry

study of measurements and proportions of the human body

Underwater weighting

Measures the mass per unit volume of a person's body using displacement

Standing Stork Stand Test

This test determines a person's balance. To test this the experimenter has the person stand on one foot with hands on their hips

Handball toss

tests hand eye coordination using a ball to throw against the wall and catching it with your opposite hand repeatedly

Drop test

Measures hand eye coordination by dropping an object and having the person catch using their thumb and index finger

Computer simulation

The use of artificial intelligence to measure and test an individual's skills

Standing Broad jump

Measures leg power. To do this test, you jump as far as you can.

Vertical (Sargent) Jump

Using vertical height jumps to test one's leg muscle strength

Warm up

prepares your cardiovascular respiratory system to function more effectively when you are doing exercise. Increases your heart rate, body temperature and breathing rate

Stretching

improves flexibility and lower the risk of injury

Endurance training

Helps resist pain and fatigue when doing any type of exercise you're doing. This will make you perform better during your exercises

Cool down

slowly reduces the cardio-respiratory activity that you were doing.

Flexibility training

Focuses on range of motion and can lower the risk of injury and have better balance.

Resistance training

improves your muscular strength and endurance

Recreational activities

enhances skill while having FUN, improves your health and fitness. Strengthen relationships with friends and family.

specificity

using certain training methods that are relevant and acceptable to the sport in order to be effective for the person you are training

Progression

gradually increase more amounts of exercise over time.

Overload

improve a certain part of your fitness by increasingly placing requirements on the parts you need it most

Reversibility

If the training plan is terminated then fitness improvements will return to pre-training values. The effect of Detraining is much faster with muscle endurance in comparison to strength.

CERT/ OMNI scale

scale used for children for rating of perceived exertion

coefficient of variance

The ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as a percentage.

VO2 max

the maximum amount of oxygen the body can take in and use during exercise

Borg Scale

A quantitative rating system of perceived exertion. (Adults)

Elements of Training Program

Warm up, Cool down, Recreation/Sports

Principles of a Training Program

Progression, Overload, Specificity, Reversibility, Variety, Periodization

Myofibril

One of the slender threads of a muscle fiber, composed of numerous myofilaments

Myofilament

Myofibrils are made up of even smaller threadlike structures

Actin Filament and Myosin Filament

Two protein sites responsible for movement

Sarcomere

Is the basic unit of a muscle and is the part of the muscle that contracts

H Zone

The region of the sarcomere that contains only thick myofilaments

I Band

From the end of the Myosin to the Z Line

A Band

The band of the sarcomere that extends the full length of the thick filament

Z Line

Separates one sarcomere from the next and is where actin filaments attach

Tropomyosin

An actin-binding protein which regulates muscle contraction. Active sites of actin are blocked by this

Troponin

The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium. (Ca+)

Calcium Ions

Serves as the actual "trigger" for muscle contraction by removing the inhibition of the troponin molecules

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Movement types

Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Rotation, Circumduction, Plantar, Dorsi, Supination, Pronation, Inversion, Eversion, Depression, Elevation

Muscle contraction

Shortening/lengthening of sarcomere. Z Lines move closer, I Band, H Zone decrease

Straited (striped) Muscle

Another name for skeletal muscle

Motor Unit

A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. Acetylcholine

Nueron

Nerve cell that carries messages throughout the body as electrical signals

Fast twitch muscle fibres

Rapid contraction speed but tire easily

Slow twitch muscle fibres

Continuous low intensity exercise over a long duration (aerobic). High mitochondria, myoglobin, capillary

Flexion

Decreases the angle of the joint

Extension

Straightening at a joint

Rotation

Moving a bone around its own axis, with no other movement

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Medial

Towards the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Concentric

Where the muscle shortens as the fibres contract

Isometric

When a muscle contracts with no resulting movement

Isokinetic

A muscle contraction with constant speed

Isotonic

Force remains constant during the movement

Eccentric

Muscle lengthens under tension

Agonist

Prime mover - contracts to cause movement

Antagonist

Relaxes to allow movement. The triceps brachii when you flex your guns!