Steps of Experiment (Theory to Prediction)

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8 Terms

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How is Theory related to Prediction ?

Theory → Hypothesis(es) → Operational Definitions → Prediction(s)

<p>Theory → Hypothesis(es) → Operational Definitions → Prediction(s)</p>
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Hypothesis VS Prediction

  • A statement that can be true and not true

  • Present tense

  • Comes from theory

    • ex A attracts more customers than B

  • TESTABLE hypothesis

  • Future tense

  • Related to the methods of the study

    • ex The number of sales of A (specific measure) will be larger than the one for B

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Operational Definitions

  • To generate testable hypotheses with specific predictions / To define abstract concepts

  • Descriptions of how to measure quantities => found in the METHODS section of literature

  • Making connection from concept to data

    • ex success → GPA score

    • ex good dancer → time it takes to learn choreography

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Why are Operational Definitions important ?

  • To measure concepts (with vague/subjective meaning)

  • To ensure consistency of measurements throughout the study

  • To communicate ideas to others & to allow them to reproduce the study and obtain same results

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What makes a GOOD Operational Definition ? (8)

  • Reliability → ↑ consistency of measurements

  • Objectivity → based on facts

  • No Bias → no modified measurements to make them lean towards one side of the argument

  • High Acceptance → recognized by literature

  • Cost

  • Ethics → considering alternatives

  • Practicality → actually doable

  • Validity → measurements must be related to the study

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Reliability VS Validity

  • Reliability / Precision / CONSISTENCY

    • Consistency of measurements

    • ⊠ Variation / Random Error ⊠

  • Validity / ACCURACY

    • Accuracy of measurements

    • ⊠ Bias / Systematic Error ⊠

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How to evaluate Reliability VS Validity ?

Must have MULTIPLE sample results (little dots) to evaluate / compare data to make a conclusion

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Different types of measures for RELIABILITY (3)

  • Interrater reliability

    • rater/coder/observer

  • Test-retest reliability

    • scale/survey/test

  • Internal consistency reliability

    • split-half reliability → split results into 2 and compare them

    • cronbach’s alpha → pair up two results and compare

    • item-total → compare individual sample to total