7. Genetics

Congenital defect

Condition present at birth due to genetic or developmental factors

Transcription

Process of copying DNA information into mRNA

Codon

Sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid or stop signal

Number of different codons

64

Heredity for secondary sexual characteristics

Gender specific heredity

Gonosome XO

Turner syndrome

Genetic linkage

Tendency of genes on the same chromosome to be inherited together

Binding of genes calculation

Bateson's number

Hermaphrodite

Organism with both male and female reproductive organs

Hermaphrodite often associated with

Autogamic (self-fertilization)

Sex chromosomes

Gonosomes (or gonozomes)

Autosomes

Non-sex chromosomes

Second Mendelian law

Law of Independent Assortment

Second Mendelian law result

Free combinability of alleles

Plastid DNA

More or less identical to prokaryotic DNA (circular)

Mutations cause

Ionizing radiation, viruses, some medicines, some chemicals

Matroclinicity

Maternal inheritance (extranuclear inheritance)

Matroclinicity typical manifestation

Extranuclear deficiencies

Qualitative traits

Controlled by genes of major effect

Quantitative traits

Influenced by multiple genes of moderate or minor effect

Reverse mutation location

Gene

Intersex

Individual with sex characteristics that don't fit typical binary

Intersex example

Male with female morphological gonadal features OR Female with male morphological gonadal features

Not involved in genetic code transcription/protein biosynthesis

dRNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA)

Plasmid characteristic

Capable of free transfer between bacterial cells

Plasmid characteristic

Express genetic information phenotypically

Plasmid incorrect statement 1

Do not show heredity (they do)

Plasmid incorrect statement 2

Are always present in fungi (they are not always)

Mammalian chromosome sex determination does not apply to

Dioecious plants, mosquitos, moths

Crossing-over occurs in

Prophase of the first meiotic division

Crossing over definition

Interchange of parts of non-sister chromatids between homologous (paired) chromosomes

Close blood relationship

Inbreeding