OT 2201 Lower Extremity Osteology- edit then duplicate/add to mega deck for unit 2

What are the lower extremities designed for?

locomotion and transmitting the weight/forces from above to the weight bearing surface of the feet

The lower extremities are designed to maintain ___________________.

equilibrium

Where is the center of gravity (COG) located?

between L4/L5

The lower extremities maximize _________________, which decreases some _________________.

stability; mobility

What is the bony ring formed by the hip bones and the sacrum?

pelvic girdle

What does the pelvic girdle provide?

transition point from the spine to the lower extremities

What is the region from the iliac crest to the mid thigh?

hip region

What does the hip region contain?

innominate bone, acetabulum, femoral head, and upper thigh

What does the hip do?

connects the axial skeleton to the lower limb

What are the two articulations within the hip region?

sacroiliac and hip (acetabulofemoral)

What is the region between the hip and the lower leg?

thigh region

What does the thigh region contain?

distal femur, patella, and the anterior surface of the knee

What are the two articulations within the thigh region?

patellofemoral and tibiofemoral

What is the region between the inferior knee and the superior ankle?

lower leg

What does the lower leg region contain?

tibia and fibula

What region connects the knee and the ankle?

lower leg

What are the articulations within the lower leg region?

superior tibiofibular, inferior tibiofibular, and the talocrural

What is the talocrural joint?

ankle joint

What is the distal portion of the lower extremity?

the feet

What do the feet contain?

tarsals, metatarsals, and the phalanges

What region does the articulation between the femur and the innominate bone belong to?

hip region

How is the weight of the upper body transferred to the feet ?

from the vertebral body --> pelvic girdle --> hip joints --> femurs --> patellas/tibias --> talocrural joints --> feet

What is the innominate bone?

hip bone

How many bones make up the innominate bone?

three

What are the three separate bones that form the innominate bone?

ilium, ischium, and pubis

What bone makes up the superior portion of the innominate bone?

ilium

What bone makes up the posterior portion of the innominate bone?

ischium

What bone makes up the anterior portion of the innominate bone?

pubis

What do the ilium, ischium, and pubis come together and form?

acetabulum

What is the iliac crest?

superior border of ilium

What is the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)?

anterior part of iliac crest that is palpable

What is the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)?

bony prominence that is on the anterior border of the ilium that is inferior to the ASIS

What is the anteromedial surface of the ilium that is smooth and slightly concave?

iliac fossa

What side is the iliac fossa on?

medial surface

What is the superiorly located, thin, fan-shaped part of the bone on the lateral surface?

ala of the ilium

What is the sharp posterior end of the iliac crest?

posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)

What is the small projection located just below the posterior superior iliac spine?

posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)

What is portion of the ilium articulates with the sacrum?

auricular surface of the ilium

What allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh?

greater sciatic notch

What is the notch just below ischial spine?

lesser sciatic notch

What is the body of the ischium?

posterior part of the acetabulum

What is the ischial spine?

bony projection posterior to the acetabulum

What is the ischial tuberosity?

the part that meets the chair when you are sitting (sit bones)

What joins to the inferior ramus of the pubis anteriorly?

ramus of the ischium

What joins to the ilium and superior portion of the ischium?

the superior ramus of the pubis

What is the inferior ramus of the pubis?

joins to the ramus of the ischium

What is the triangular portion of the pubis that joins medially with the other pubis at the pubic symphysis?

body of the pubis

What is the large passage way created by the ischium and pubis bones for nerves and muscles to pass through?

obturator foramen

What are the three parts of the acetabulum?

lunate surface, acetabular fossa, and acetabular notch

What is the crescent shaped surface that the femoral head comes in contact with?

lunate surface of the acetabulum

What is the circular depression in floor of acetabulum which is continuous with the acetabular notch?

acetabular fossa

What is the gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum filled by the transverse ligament?

acetabular notch

How many fused vertebrae make up the sacrum?

3-5

How many fused vertebrae make up the coccyx?

3-5

What is the ala of the sacrum?

wing of sacrum

What is the bulging anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1?

sacral promontory

What is the bony projection located at the base of the sacrum (S1), which extends upwards and serves as the articulation point with the inferior articular process of the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5)?

superior articular process

What are the openings in the anterior surface of the sacrum through which the sacral nerves pass?

anterior sacral foramina

What is the inferior portion of the sacrum called?

apex

What is the landmark on the posterior surface of the sacrum that articulates with the ilium of the pelvis?

auricular surface

What is the ridge in the midline of the posterior sacral surface, representing the fused spinous processes?

median crest

What is the crest of the sacrum that is located between the median and the lateral crests?

medial crest

What is the region of the posterior sacral surface, representing the fused transverse processes protruding posteriorly?

lateral crest

What are the openings in the posterior surface of the sacrum through which the sacral nerves pass?

posterior sacral foramina

What is the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?

sacral hiatus

What are the tubercles of the inferior articular processes of the fifth sacral vertebra that are projected downward and are connected to the cornua of the coccyx?

cornua of sacrum

What are the three parts of the coccyx?

base, tip, and cornua

When you place your hand on your "hip," what bony landmark are you touching?

iliac crest

True or False: the base of the coccyx is inferior to the tip.

false

What is the longest and strongest bone in the body?

femur

What part of the femur articulates with the acetabulum?

head

What is the small pit where ligament of the head of the femur attaches (ligamentum teres)?

fovea capitis

What connects head of the femur to shaft?

neck

What is the major bony landmark on the lateral aspect of the femur?

greater trochanter

What is the major bony landmark on the medial aspect of the femur?

lesser trochanter

What is the ridge of bone that connects the two trochanters on the posterior side of the femur?

intertrochanteric crest

What is the cylindrically shaped region that forms the central portion of the femur?

the shaft

What is the primary feature of the shaft, posterior ridge?

linea aspera

What are the bony projections on the lateral side of the distal femur?

lateral epicondyles

What are the bony projections on the medial side of the distal femur?

medial epicondyles

What are the bony projections inferior to the lateral and medial epicondyles?

lateral and medial condyles

What is the small process on the medial surface of the medial epicondyle (on the distal femur)?

adductor tubercle

What is the depression between condyles on posterior surface?

intercondylar fossa (notch)

What is the smooth medial depression on anterior side of the femur that articulates with the patella?

patellar surface

What is the largest sesamoid bone?

patella

Where is the patella located within?

tendon of the quadriceps

What gives the quads a mechanical advantage?

patella

What is a negative result of a pattellectomy?

quads are only 60% efficient if they patellas are removed

What are the different parts of the patella?

base, apex, lateral facet, medial facet, and odd medial facet

What surface of the patella are the facets located on?

posterior surface

What is the most superior portion of the patella?

base

What is the most inferior portion of the patella?

apex

If a patella bone is placed on a flat surface, which facet will the patella lean towards?

lateral facet

What separates the lateral and medial facets on the patella?

patellar ridge

What facet is located medially of the medial facet?

odd medial facet

What bone articulates with the femur at the knee joint proximally and with the talus distally at the ankle joint?

tibia

What are the two articular surfaces on the flat surface on the top of the tibia that connects to the femur?

medial and lateral tibial plateaus

What is the ridge that separates the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia?

intercondylar eminence

What is the rough anterior surface of the tibia, palpated just below the patella?

tibial tuberosity

What is the narrow, anterior margin of the tibia that extends inferiorly from the tibial tuberosity?

anterior border