Biology 40S - fungi test

what makes fungi beneficial?

it makes food, medicine like penicillin, and biotechnology fungal pesticides can attack insects

what can make fungi negative?

it can infect crops, destroy building materials, infect bodily tissues, and make mold and mildew

what is the main body of fungi

the mycelium

what is mycelium made up of?

it is an interwoven mass of many thread like filaments called hyphae

what are the different kinds of hyphae?

• it can either be single elongated called with numerous nuclei OR

• subdivided by partitions called septa (has pores for cytoplasm to flow), each one having 1-2 nuclei

they both have haploid nuclei, cytoplasm, and a cell wall that contains chitin

heterotrophic fungi are..?

fungi that eat all biological material across life by secreting enzymes which digest food outside of their body

they also break down nutrients stored in bodies or the waste of other organisms

saprobes

digest bodies of dead organisms

parasitic

feed on living organisms, causing disease and infection

symbiotic

lichens (photosynthetic) and mycorrhizae (roots)

predatory

attack tiny worms

can fungi move?

no, but they grow rapidly in any direction

how do fungi reproduce asexually?

1) mycelium breaks up and each piece grows into a new individual

2) non-motile spores (small resistant structures) that form on or in special structure that project above the mycelium

what do chytrid produce

swimming spores, they have one flagella and little-no mycelium

where do chytrid live

water

what do chytrid feed on

dead aquatic plants or other small bits of organic matter

what can chytrid be parasitic to?

frogs

how do zygote fungi reproduce

forming diploid zygospores (2 sets of chromosomes)

where do zygote fungi live

in soil or decaying plant or animal material

what are examples od zygote fungi

black mold on bread and soft fruit rot

more in detail how to make/reproduce zygote fungi

one - and one + hyphae make a zygospore, which after meiosis and growing turns into a stalk with sporangia or case of haploid sexual spores

what do sac fungi (ascomycetes) form

spores in a saclike case (ascus)

where do sac fungi (ascomycetes) live

decaying forest vegetation

how do sac fungi (ascomycetes) reproduce asexually

spores at the tip of specialized hyphae

how do sac fungi (ascomycetes) reproduce sexually

2 different mating types result in asci (contains haploid sexual spores)

what are sac fungi (ascomycetes) reproductive structures shaped like

morels: cup shaped corrugated mushroom like fruiting bodiess

what do sac fungi (ascomycetes) attack?

stored food, destroying grain crop, yeasts

what species do sac fungi (ascomycetes) contain?

one that makes pencillin

what do club fungi make?

basidia (diploid club shaped reproductive structures)

how do club fungi reproduce? w steps

sexually

• compatible hyphae fuse and grow to mycelium but each haploid nuclei stays separate

• puffballs/mushrooms/stinkhorns develop from many hyphae

• haploid nuclei fuse into basidia

• meiosis gives rise to haploid spores called basidia spores

asexual spore formation

haploid fungal spores turn into haploid asexual spores which are then dispensed, and under favorable conditions the spores divide using mitosis which gives rise to new haploid mycelium (parent cells)

sexual spore formation

2 compatible haploids fuse to make a diploid zygote w genetic variation, which then undergoes meiosis to turn into a haploid sexual spore, which then is dispensed and w favorable conditions will germinate and then divide using mitosis to form a new haploid mycelium