Concepts of Health & Disease: Effects of Stress & Adaptation

Flashcards for vocabulary review related to health, disease, stress, and adaptation, based on lecture notes.

Determinants of Health

An interaction between an individual’s biology & behavior, physical & social environments, government policies & interventions, and access to quality health care.

Disease

Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a part, organ, or system of the body that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms or signs

Organic Disease

Structural changes related to disease

Functional Disease

No morphologic abnormalities related to disease

pathology and physiology

deal with the study of structure and function of cells, tissues and organs within the body

Pathophysiology

The pathology & physiology of disease (altered health)

• focuses on the mechanisms underlying disease

Etiologic Factors

Causes of disease, including

• biologic agents

• physical forces,

• chemical agents

• nutritional imbalances (excess, deficits).

- a single disease agent can affect more than 1 organ

multifactorial

most diseases are … (have many causes)

Risk Factors

Predisposing conditions for a particular disease, either present at birth (congenital) or caused by events after birth (acquired).

congenital

either disease present at birth

acquired

disease caused by events after birth

genetic, environmental, disease-associated, treatment-associated, behavioral

GEDTAB

disease risk factor categories

Pathogenesis

Sequence of cellular & tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an agent until the ultimate expression of disease

describes how disease process evolves

Morphology

Refers to the fundamental structure (form) of cells or tissues

Histology

study of the cells & extracellular matrix of body tissues

Lesion

Represents a pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue

Sign

Objective manifestation of an illness or disorder that can be seen, heard, measured, or felt by the clinician.

• examples: fever, rash, wheezing

Symptom

Subjective evidence of an illness or disorder perceived by the patient as indicating the presence of disease.

• examples: pain, seeing halos around lights, itchiness

Syndrome

A compilation of signs & symptoms characteristic of a specific disease state.

Complications

Possible adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment.

• usually short term

Sequelae

Lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease

• long-term

Diagnosis

Designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem based on health history and physical examination.

Deductive Reasoning

From general to specific

• all of disease process that can cause someone to have sore throat

  • work your way down to specific

Inductive reasoning

From specific to general

• i have a sore throat and theres pollen in the air so it might be that

diagnostic tests and procedures

clinical laboratory test, tests of electrical activity, radioisotope, endoscopy, ultrasounds, x-ray, MRI, PET scans, cytologic and histologic examination

glucose, potassium

chemical clinical lab test

give ex:

CBC, ESR, PLT count

hematologic clinical lab test

give ex:

cultures, antibiotic sensitivity

microbiologic clinical lab test

give ex:

dilantin

therapeutic drug monitoring clinical lab test

give ex:

drug screens

toxicology clinical lab test

give ex:

PT, PTT, INR

coagulation clinical lab test

give ex:

pregnancy, urine test

urinalysis clinical lab test

give ex:

monospot, ASO

serologic clinical lab test

-Tests involving the study of serum and bodily fluids to identify antibodies and antigens. These tests can indicate the presence of infection or an immune response

give ex:

ABO/Rh typing

transfusion service clinical lab test

give ex:

Validity (accuracy)

Refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure.

Reliability (consistency)

Refers to the extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result

Acute disorder

Usually self-limiting and relatively severe

Chronic disorder

Implies long-term process

• continuous symptoms

Subacute disease

Intermediate between acute & chronic disorder

• not as severe as acute and not as prolonged as chronic

Preclinical stage

Disease is not clinically evident but is destined to progress to overt clinical disease

Subclinical disease

Not clinically apparent & not destined to become clinically apparent

Clinical disease

Characterized by signs & symptoms

Carrier status

Refers to an individual who harbors an organism but is without clinical manifestations

Congenital & hereditary disease

Genetic abnormality, intrauterine injury, or interaction of genetic & environmental factors.

Inflammatory disease

Non-specific reaction to an injurious agent.

Degenerative disease

Deterioration of various parts of the body.

Metabolic disease

Disturbances of cellular energy processes.

Neoplastic disease

Characterized by abnormal cell growth

Stress

State of affairs arising when a person relates to situations in certain ways, which can lead to

• successful adaptation

• maladaptation resulting in disease.

Homeostasis

stable internal environment maintained by coordinated physiologic processes that oppose change.

Stress

State manifested by a specific syndrome of the body developed in response to stimuli.

negative feedback

Feedback systems:

• maintains stability in the system

• body temperature regulation

  • sweating to cool down

  • shivering to heat up

positive feedback

feedback mechanism:

• produced a cycle where initiating stimulus produced more of the same

• ex: pregnant woman giving birth, uterine contractions release oxytocin which further increases contractions until baby is out

exogenous stressors

external stimuli causing stress

• temp

endogenous stressors

internal stimuli causing stress

• emotional mental stressers

General, Adaptation, Syndrom

Define GAS acronym

General

GAS

• The effect is a general systemic rxn

Adaptation (GAS)

The response is in reaction to a stressor

Syndrome (GAS)

The physical manifestations are coordinated & dependent on each other

Alarm

GAS stages:

Central Nervous System (CNS) aroused & body defenses mobilized

• epinephrine and norepinephrine released → increases heart rate, force of contraction, o2 intake, mental activity

Resistance or Adaptation

GAS stages:

• sympathetic nervous system: flight or fight, “adrenaline rush”

• the body responds to stressor & attempts to return to homeostasis - coping mechanisms are used during GAS

Exhaustion

GAS stages:

Continuous stress causes progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms during GAS

• body can’t make hormones and organ damage begins -marks onset of disease

Conditioning Factors

Influence of the adaptive capacity of the person, including

• Internal:

  • genetics, age, sex,

• environmental factors,

  • life experiences/ choices, diet, social support.

this affects:

• susceptibility

• adaptive capacity and response

nervous and endocrine systems

The stress response is mediated by the combined efforts of the ….

• these systems integrate signals received along neurosensory pathways and from circulating mediators in bloodstream

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal cortex (HPA) axis

Mediated by glucocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex, particularly cortisol.

increased blood glucose, depressed immune system, broken down to cholesterol

production of cortisol can lead to

pituitary gland → adrenal cortex

hypothalamus → …..

catecholamines

SNS

Mediated by ________ secreted by the adrenal medulla, including epinephrine and norepinephrine.

epinephrine, norepinephrine

catecholamines

Epinephrine (Stress Response)

Increase in preparation for fight or flight response

Cortisol

(Stress Response)

Mobilizes energy stores by increasing blood glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids during Stress Response

Glucagon

(Stress Response)

Increase in blood glucose and fatty acids during Stress Response

Insulin

helps regulate blood glucose levels by enabling cells to absorb glucose from the blood for energy or storage. It also signals the liver to store glucose as glycogen, reducing blood sugar levels.

Adaptation

The ability to respond to challenges of physical or psychological homeostasis & to return to a balanced state

Hardiness

Personality trait characterized by a sense of control & purpose and perception of stressors as a challenge vs. a threat

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Characterized by intrusion (flashbacks), avoidance (emotional numbing), and hyperarousal (irritability).

Eustress

mild brief controllable periods of stress → perceived as positive stimuli to emotional and intellectual growth and development

distress

severe, protracted, uncontrollable situations of psychological and physical stress →disruptive of health

hyperactive or becomes habituated

in situations where the stress response ______ or _____ ______, psychological and behavioral changes can become a threat to homeostasis

cortisol

what is the major glucocorticoid in the body

SHIP

Functions of cortisol acronym

Stimulates breakdown of muscle protein to AA, Help lipid breakdown into fatty acids and glycerol, Inhibit tissues from using glucose making more available to brain, Promotes hepatic gluconeogensis from AA, glycerol and FA

Define SHIP acronym

hepatic gluconeogenesis

synthesis of glucose

lipolysis and bronchodilation

Cortisol allows a small amount of glucose to be used for ________ and _______ needed for the stress response

hormone production, reproductive function, bone formation, red and white blood cell formation

cortisol also decreases _________, ________, _________ , _________ (inhibits immune response)

pupil constriction, salivation, inhibits heart, constricts bronchi, contracts bladder, rectum relaxes

parasympathetic nervous system

epinephrine

almost all norepinephrine is converted to

alpha and beta

Epinephrine and norepinephrine exert their effects in target

organs as they travel through ______ and ______ receptors

alpha receptors

receptors found in arteries in smooth muscle

• when stimulated by catecholamines, they cause arteries to constrict to help return blood to heart = inc BP, heart rate

Beta 1

receptors located in the heart.

• When _______ receptors are stimulated, they cause the heart to beat faster and contract more forcefully to increase cardiac output.

beta 2

receptors located in the lungs

• when ______receptors are stimulated, they cause bronchioles to dilate (bronchodilation)

keep blood glucose high

how do catecholamines inhibit metabolic activities like digestion during stress response

RAA system due to less flow of kidneys

SNS → epinephrine (facilitated by cortisol)

• raises blood glucose and fatty acids

• vasoconstricts as it flows through alpha receptors that cause initiation of …..

Growth, thyroid, reproductive hormones

Stress and other hormones affect

amenorrhea and infertility

stress can lead to an inhibition of reproductive hormones which can lead to →

cerebral cortex

involved with vigilance, attention, cognition

thalamus

relay center- receives, sorts, distributes sensory input

limbic system

involved with emotional response (fear, rage, excitement)

hypothalamus

coordinated responses of endocrine system and ANS