Global Trends in Consumption

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Ecological Footprint

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25 Terms

1

Ecological Footprint

Theoretical measure of the amount of land and water a population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its waste, under prevailing technology

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2

Bio-Capacity

Measure of the existing biologically productive area capable of regenerating natural resources in the form of food, fibre, and timber, and of providing carbon dioxide sequestration

  • arable land

  • pasture land

  • forests

  • oceans

  • infrastructure

  • energy costs

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3

Ecological Creditors

Countries with more resources than they are using, e.g. Namibia, Canada

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4

Ecological Debtors

Countries using more resources than they have biocapacity for, e.g. Switzerland, Japan

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5

Ecological Footprint - Biocapacity Ratio

JP: 7.1

UK: 3.5

US: 1.9

1971: footprint exceeded biocapacity for the first time

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6

World Overshoot Day

Date in the year when we exceed our resources for 1 planet; August 2nd 2023

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7

Dietary Diversity

Traditional diets declining, homogenous diets cause a loss of local foods for more global food types that are aggresively marketed, freely supplied, and affordable

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8

Trends in Water

Decreasing availability, increasing consumption

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9

Geothermal Energy

Water is pumped deep into the ground, heated to 200°C, comes back out as steam, turns turbines

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10

Wave Power

Least significant, a metal buoy with a joint in the middle, the centre gets moved up and down

Pros: constant

Cons: corrosion, maintenance, not suitable everywhere

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11

Tidal Power

Underwater wind turbines essentially

Pros: constant

Cons: corrosion

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12

Hydrogen

Blue → methane

Grey → methane and carbon capture and storage

Green → renewable energy

Splitting H2O with electrolysis

Pros: not as heavy as electric batteries so good for cars, boats, planes etc.

Cons: explosive, if not green then pointless as a renewable, not for use in homes, currently takes more energy than it produces

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13

Biofuel(Ethynol)

Mostly colza, used as fuel for machines

Pros: can use seaweed

Cons: takes a lot of space, potential food crop land used for cars, doesn’t work as a replacement for oil

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14

Biogas

Collecting methane from animal/human waste

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15

Ground/Air/Water Source Heat Pump

Pros: small running costs, especially if used in conjunction with solar panels

Cons: cost of installation, difficult to retrofit

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16

Hydrocarbons

Chemical compounds containing hydrogen and carbon, fossil fuels(coal, oil, natural gas), coal has highest carbon conc.(dirtiest), oil has more hydrogen, natural gas had the most hydrogen and the lest carbon(cleanest)

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17

Coal as a Fossil Fuel

Formed 300 million years ago at the bottom of swamps, tropical trees → mass extinction, formed by time+heat+pressure

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18

Natural Gas as a Fossil Fuel

Cleanest fossil fuel, formed the same way as oil, in many oil production regions the gas is flared off, fracking of shale rock since 2000

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19

Oil as a Fossil Fuel

  1. Carbon Rich Aggregate Particles, 90/150 million years ago following extinction events, formed under anticline folds, refined at 350C

2007 → 86.3 million barrels per day

Now → 101 million barrels per day

Took 89 days to stop the Deepwater Horizon spill from leaking

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20

Synthetic Crude

Oil sands → bitumen, run over hot water to separate oil

Heated by natural gas

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21

Current Oil Consumption

Supply will not be able to meet demand, cost of energy will escalate hugely

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22

Price of Oil

Same price for a litre of petrol as a litre of milk, should be paying for the extraction + impact

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23

Petro-Chemical Industry

Naptha + Gasoline —> plastics, fertilisers, car fuel, paints, wax, tires, makeup

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24

Hubbert’s Peak

Graph produced by M.K. Hubbert, predicted that oil production peaked in 1970 and its now increasingly difficult and expensive to extract oil

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25

Keystone XL

Pipeline running to Texas okayed by Trump but blocked by Biden

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