Ecological Footprint
Theoretical measure of the amount of land and water a population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its waste, under prevailing technology
Bio-Capacity
Measure of the existing biologically productive area capable of regenerating natural resources in the form of food, fibre, and timber, and of providing carbon dioxide sequestration
arable land
pasture land
forests
oceans
infrastructure
energy costs
Ecological Creditors
Countries with more resources than they are using, e.g. Namibia, Canada
Ecological Debtors
Countries using more resources than they have biocapacity for, e.g. Switzerland, Japan
Ecological Footprint - Biocapacity Ratio
JP: 7.1
UK: 3.5
US: 1.9
1971: footprint exceeded biocapacity for the first time
World Overshoot Day
Date in the year when we exceed our resources for 1 planet; August 2nd 2023
Dietary Diversity
Traditional diets declining, homogenous diets cause a loss of local foods for more global food types that are aggresively marketed, freely supplied, and affordable
Trends in Water
Decreasing availability, increasing consumption
Geothermal Energy
Water is pumped deep into the ground, heated to 200°C, comes back out as steam, turns turbines
Wave Power
Least significant, a metal buoy with a joint in the middle, the centre gets moved up and down
Pros: constant
Cons: corrosion, maintenance, not suitable everywhere
Tidal Power
Underwater wind turbines essentially
Pros: constant
Cons: corrosion
Hydrogen
Blue → methane
Grey → methane and carbon capture and storage
Green → renewable energy
Splitting H2O with electrolysis
Pros: not as heavy as electric batteries so good for cars, boats, planes etc.
Cons: explosive, if not green then pointless as a renewable, not for use in homes, currently takes more energy than it produces
Biofuel(Ethynol)
Mostly colza, used as fuel for machines
Pros: can use seaweed
Cons: takes a lot of space, potential food crop land used for cars, doesn’t work as a replacement for oil
Biogas
Collecting methane from animal/human waste
Ground/Air/Water Source Heat Pump
Pros: small running costs, especially if used in conjunction with solar panels
Cons: cost of installation, difficult to retrofit
Hydrocarbons
Chemical compounds containing hydrogen and carbon, fossil fuels(coal, oil, natural gas), coal has highest carbon conc.(dirtiest), oil has more hydrogen, natural gas had the most hydrogen and the lest carbon(cleanest)
Coal as a Fossil Fuel
Formed 300 million years ago at the bottom of swamps, tropical trees → mass extinction, formed by time+heat+pressure
Natural Gas as a Fossil Fuel
Cleanest fossil fuel, formed the same way as oil, in many oil production regions the gas is flared off, fracking of shale rock since 2000
Oil as a Fossil Fuel
Carbon Rich Aggregate Particles, 90/150 million years ago following extinction events, formed under anticline folds, refined at 350C
2007 → 86.3 million barrels per day
Now → 101 million barrels per day
Took 89 days to stop the Deepwater Horizon spill from leaking
Synthetic Crude
Oil sands → bitumen, run over hot water to separate oil
Heated by natural gas
Current Oil Consumption
Supply will not be able to meet demand, cost of energy will escalate hugely
Price of Oil
Same price for a litre of petrol as a litre of milk, should be paying for the extraction + impact
Petro-Chemical Industry
Naptha + Gasoline —> plastics, fertilisers, car fuel, paints, wax, tires, makeup
Hubbert’s Peak
Graph produced by M.K. Hubbert, predicted that oil production peaked in 1970 and its now increasingly difficult and expensive to extract oil
Keystone XL
Pipeline running to Texas okayed by Trump but blocked by Biden