Veterinary Medicine Study Set: Proctored Exam Terms & Definitions

Describe the steps involved in administration of drugs to animals

first you must establish a good vet-client relationship, veterinarians cannot give out a drug without seeing the patient. After you determine the regimen for the patient; what route does this medication require, and if its the correct choice for your patient. There are four major

routes:

oral, parenteral(aka injection), inhalation, and topical.

Determine the correct dosage and how frequently to give the drug as well how long you should give the drug to the patient. The goal is to get a therapeutic dose of the drug, and to make sure it got from place administered to the place of action.

List the six factors to keep in mind before administering a drug

six factors to keep in mind before adminstering a drug to a patient is; is this the right patient? is this the correct drug? is this the correct route? is this the correct dosage? is this the correct time and frequency? and, did i document it correctly?

Recognize the measuring systems that determine the medication concentrations

Metric System; grams, ounces, kilograms,

Apothecary System; grains, ounces

Household System; drops, teaspoon, tablespoon

Pounds to Kilograms

2.2 lb = 1 kg = 1000 g; 1 g = 1000 mg; 1lb = 16 oz

Milligrams to Grain

1 gr = 65 mg

Milliters to Tablespoon/ Fluid Ounces

1 Tbsp = 15 ml, 1 tsp = 5 ml, 1 oz = 30 ml

Describe the ways to understand an animal's nervous system for prescribing proper medications

The nervous system is divided into central nervous system that includes thee brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system which is divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

-the somatic system involves the brain and controls voluntary conscious movements like walking and running. the

-autonomic system controls involuntary body functions like blood pressure and secretion of glands, the ANS is composed of

-sympathetic(associated with fight-or-flight body responses),

-parasympathetic system. sometimes called the adrenergic system its main transmitters are adrenaline, norepinepherine and dopamine

-Cholinergic agents stimulate receptor sites mediated by acetylcholine by mimicking its action (parasympathomimetic)

-Adrenergic agents bring about action at receptors mediated by epinephrine or norepinephrine; mimic the fight or flight.

-Depressant drugs to induce anesthesia (tranquilizers decrease anxiety, sedatives suppress brain activity and awareness, dissociative agents consist of catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia (ketamine), neuroleptanalgesics is an opioid and tranquilizer- Anticonvulsants (diazepam)

Identify the parts of the respiratory system and the ideal drugs for the ailments associated

-the respiratory system includes lungs and passageways that carry air to and from the lungs.

-The passageways includes the nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

-Sympathetic stimulation leads to brochodilation.

-Parasympathetic stimulation leads to bronchoconstriction.

-Expectorants cause thick mucous secretions to become thinner, these drugs are given orally.

-Mucolytics cause chemical breakdown of mucus and are used unclog really thick secretions.

-Antitussives are used to suppress coughing, by messing with the coughing reflex center in the brain.

-Bronchodilators are used to open airways.

-Decongestants reduce congestion by reducing the associated swelling, can be given orally or nasal drops.

Recognize the medications that utilize as well as aid the urinary system

-Diuretics remove excess extracellular fluid by increasing output and sodium excretion, which helps to reduce high blood pressure.

-Cholinergic agonists

(parasympathomimetic) used to decrease bladder capacity by voiding the urinary bladder.

-Adrenergic antagonist

(sympatholytic) disrupts the sympathetic nervous system and are classified by the site of action.

-Vasodilators such as hydralazine or dopamine, dilate blood vessels, lower blood pressure and are used in patients that are unresponsive to either loop or osmotic diuretics

-Antidiuretic hormones including vasopressin,used to treat diabetes insipidus. patients with this dont secrete normal amount of antidiuretic hormone and they pass a lot of diluted urine

-Urinary acidifiers like methionine and ammonium chloride are used to lower ph of urine.

Explain the methods of determining the right medication for aiding the cardiovascular system

The basic objectives in aiding cardiovascular diseases includes

-controlling rhythm disturbances

-maintaining or increasing cardiac output

-increasing the oxygenation of the blood(bronchodilation)

-Ancillary treatment

(narcotics/sedatives, oxygen)

-Positive inotropic drugs improve the strength of contraction

-Antiarrhythmic drugs,

class1A depress myocardial excitability, prolong the refractory period, decreases automacity and increases conduction times: Quinidine

class1B stablilizs mycordial cell membranes; lidocaine

class1c seldom used

classIV block the channels that permit entry of calcium ions through cardiac cell membrane

-Vasodilators drugs

-diuretics(reduction of preload through diuretics)

Define the ways of understanding different GI systems and the medications necessary for each system

First we have the oral area that consists of the mouth, tongue and teeth. Ways to keep this area healthy and in check, do dental cleaning and cleansing products. then we have the emetic center that consists of (the nervous system and vomting)what helps with this are Emetics and anitiemtics.

then we have the stomach that can be helped with, antacids and antiulcers. Intestines can be helped with antidiarrheal, laxatives,

the General system, can be helped with prokinetics/stimulants,

digestive enzymes, antibiotics

Identify the parts of the endocrine and hormonal systems and the determining factors of medication

the parts of the endocrines systems consists of the pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, ovaries/testicles, pancreas and kidneys.

The hypothalamus controls. Determine by plans to increase or decrease levels of hormone in the system(hypo vs hyperthyroid)(hyperadrenocorticism vs hypo)

Recognize the parts of the ophthalmic system and the drugs for curing the associated ailments

The ophthalmic system consists of the pupils, cornea and Aqueous Humors.

PUPILS

-Mydriatics(dilate the pupil, cures cornea ulcers)

-Miotics(contract pupil, and treats glaucoma)

CORNEA

-Fluorescein(helps with diagnosing ulcers)

-Ophthalmic analgesics(helps with pain)

-Antibiotics, Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Drugs(cures dry eye)

AQUEOUS HUMORS

-Sympathomimetics(helps reduce humor formation)

-Beta-adrenergic antagonists(reduces IOP)

-Prostagandins (IOP reduces)

Describe the kinds of otic diseases and the process of finding ideal medicines for curing them

ear problems are generally are treated with topical medications. when treating an ear infection the topical preparations are often a combination of different types of drugs like antibacterial, antifungal, antipruritic, and anti-inflammatory agents. Cleaning agents are used to remove discharge and debris(cerumenolytic; cerumene)

Classify the various antibiotics and anti-infectives used in veterinary treatment

-Aminocyclitols are antibacterial, they inhibit protein sythesis in bacteria.

-Carbapenems and Cephalosporins inhibit the bacterial cell wall development

-Macrolides, bacteriostatic binds to protein

-Penicillins inhibit the cell wall development

-Tetracyclines, bacteriostatic inhibit growth

-Quinolones inhibition of bacteria dna

-antifungal, antiviral

State the effects of antiparasitic drugs in the animal bodies

-Vermicide kills parasites inside the animals body

-Vermifuge just paralyzes parasites allowing them to be expelled

-Microfilaricides kill heartworm larvae

-Adulticide kills adult heartworms

Describe the medication processes adhering to the controlling of pain and inflammation in the body

-NSAIDs inhibit inflammation by reducting or blocking cox-1 or cox-2 enzymes

-Opoids bind to pain receptors in the brain/spine/tissue blocking pain signals

-Antihistamines prevent histamines from inducing inflammation

Illustrate how fluid therapy functions and responds to the veterinary treatment

Fluid therapy helps treat dehydration, hypovelmia, acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. Restoring the body's water

-Intracellular is water in the cells

-extracellular is water outside of the cells

-intersitial fluid is blood

fluid adminstered is based on osmolality

Isotonic = 300 osmolality, Hypertonic >300 (remove fluid from interstitial/intracellular), Hypotonic <300 (add to interstitial/intracellular)

Explain the occurrence, the effect, and the prevention of blood loss in the body

Anemia can result from excessive blood loss. Blood loss through cuts and internal bleeding causes a lack of oxygen movement to organ which can be health threatening. Hematinics are used to treat anemia and its primary ingredient is iron. Anticoagulants are blood coagulation that is an essential process that is designed to stop vital blood loss. Hemostatics and anticoagulants antagonists are substances that promote blood clotting. Fibrinolytic, aka thrombolytic drugs are used to breakdown or dissolve thrombi

State the importance and the components of immunologic drugs in the veterinary care process

Vaccines prevent or lessen serious and common diseases by strengthening the animals resistance to the disease. Inactivated vaccines are dead vax, they have the dead virus or bacteria. Live vaccines are rare, they have the live virus or bacteria in them. An Attenuated vaccines have the organism that has been modified to remove the virulence aka the harmfulness.

the recombinant vaccine is a type 1 vax that inserts a foreign gene into a safe organism. type 2 vax deletes the gene from the pathogenic organism and type 3 inserts genetic material directly.

core vaccines are vaxes that most commonly recommended to protect animal from highly contagious diseases that are widespread. Noncore vaccines are just vaxes that are optional and are given depending where you are geographically and your lifestyle.

Describe stem cell therapy and regenerative medicinal treatment

stem cells divide into a copy of itself and appropriate tissue/organ cell. introducing stem cell therapy called mesenchymal that specifies on a site to foster growth and regeneration

Identify the importance of inventory management in the veterinary practices

Inventory management is important in a veterinary practice because it helps with not spending more that we should. Time equals money so its important we do it in an efficient way, it. The primary goal is to have enough quantities of inventory available for our clients needs while at the same time minimizing the costs of carrying the inventory. FIFO means first in first out, which basically means the earliest expiration date should be sold first.

There must be a turnover rate for times a year which is basically changing out inventory also keep a reorder long to know what is needed.

Explain the goal of triage and describe the use of emergency drugs, antidotes, and reversal agents in clinical practice.

the goal of triage is to quickly and systematically evaluate the animals and their function or injuries and determine which part of the body needs attention first.

-Antihistamines block allergic reactions

-Anticholinergics treat bradycardia

-Methylxanthines treat asthma, and with the collapsing of the trachea

-Corticosteroids helps with inflammation, anaphylaxis, and spinal injury

-Antiarrhythmics treat tachycardia

-Diuretics help with heart failure and pulmonary edema

-Emetics are used to induce vomiting

-Activated charcoal is used to absorb drugs and toxins

-Antivenin is anitvenom