biology review

Cell prepares for mitosis

G2 phase

Centrosomes duplicated

S phase-to ensure each daughter cell daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes

ATP increased

G1- increase during the cell cycle provide energy for various cellular processes

Cytoplasm division

Cytokinesis- to form two separate daughter cells

DNA replication

S phase- ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the genetic material

Nuclear division

M phase- resulting in the separation of chromosomes and the formation of two new nuclei

Cell prepares for DNA replication

G1 phase- when the cell prepares for DNA replication by accumulating necessary enzymes and nucleotides

G1/S checkpoint

serves to prevent cells from entering S-phase in the presence of DNA damage and functions to inhibit the initiation of replication

G2/M checkpoint

prevents DNA-damaged cells from entering mitosis and allows for the repair of DNA that was damaged in late S or G₂ phases prior to mitosis.

M checkpoint

whether all sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules that separate them.

Is cyclin a positive or negative regulators of the cell cycle

Positive

Cdks positive or negative regulators of the cell cycle?

Positive

P53 positive or negative regulators of the cell cycle?

Negative

P21 positive or negative regulators of the cell cycle?

Negative

Which cyclin is important for the G2 to mitosis transition?

Cyclin B- levels are high during the G2 phase and mitosis, which is essential for the G2 to mitosis transition.

What happens after the cyclin-cds complex is phosphorylated by kinase?

Becomes fully active, allowing it to phosphorylation target proteins that promote cell cycle progression

DNA damage is detected at G1

What protein becomes active? What does it do?

p53 becomes active and initiates cell cycle arrest and DNA repair

Which cellular structure generates mitotic spindles?

Centrosome is the primary structure that organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division.

Which cellular structure is made of microtubule fibers and moves chromosomes?

Mitotic spindle- itself is made of microtuble fibers and is responsible for moving chromosomes during cell division

Which cellular structure links chromosomes to mitotic spindles?

Kinetochore- protein structure on chromosomes that attaches them to the mitotic spindle

Which cell of mitosis do the following cells represent? Parent cell is 2n=6

Cytokinesis, Anaphase, Prophase, and Telophase

In which stage of mitosis does sister chromatids separate?

Anaphase

In which stage of mitosis does chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

Metaphase

In which stage of mitosis does centrosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell?

Telophase

In which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope reforms?

Telophase

In which stage of mitosis does mitotic spindles attach to chromosomes, moving them towards the middle of the cell?

Prometaphase

Prophase I, telophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II

What stage of meiosis does sister chromatids separate ?

Anaphase II

What stage of meiosis does homologous chromosomes separate?

Anaphase I

What stage of meiosis does chromosomes line up individually in the middle of the cell?

Metaphase II

What stage of meiosis does homologous chromosomes paired up in the middle of the cell ?

Metaphase I

What stage of meiosis does crossing over occur ?

Prophase I

What stage of meiosis does independent assortment occur ?

Metaphase I

Which statement best describe non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange DNA

Crossing over

What process statements best describe homologous pairs of chromosomes line up independently of one another?

Independent assortment

Results in four daughter cells

Meiosis

2n =8 to n = 4

Meiosis

One round of division

Mitosis

Daughter cells genetically identical

Mitosis

Produced haploid cells

Meiosis

Occurs in somatic cells

Mitosis

AA x aa

Homozygous

Aa x Aa

Monohybrid cross

A_ x aa

Test cross

AaBb x AaBb

Dihybrid cross

Gamete genotypes and their probabilities ?

Aa

A ½ , a ½

Gamete genotypes and their probabilities from?

AaBb

AB ¼ , Ab ¼ , aB ¼ , ab ¼