Plant and Animal Co-evolution Mutualism Flashcards

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/22

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Flashcards about plant and animal co-evolution mutualism.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

23 Terms

1
New cards

Coevolution

Evolution due to species interactions such as mutualism and predation.

2
New cards

Pairwise coevolution

Evolution between two interacting species where each species evolves in response to the other, exerting selection in the next generation.

3
New cards

Mutualism

Benefits population growth for each species involved.

4
New cards

Plant-pollinator Mutualism

Flowers offer nectar or excess pollen as food and, in return, insects move pollen to allow outcrossing.

5
New cards

Constancy

Encourages insects to remain attracted to a specific plant species, indicated by color, shape, and scent of flowers.

6
New cards

Flowers pollinated by animals

Usually brightly colored flowers that may offer rewards such as nectar.

7
New cards

Flowers pollinated by butterflies and moths

Often sweetly fragrant and offer nectar as a reward; insects have co-evolved long mouth parts to get at the reward.

8
New cards

Flowers pollinated by day-active butterflies

Typically brightly colored flowers.

9
New cards

Flowers pollinated by night-active moths

Typically white or light-colored flowers.

10
New cards

Flowers with landing platforms

Provide landing platforms with special cells, forcing the insect to crawl inside to pick up and deposit pollen (e.g., snapdragons).

11
New cards

Bee pollinated flowers

Tend to be yellow/blue (not red).

12
New cards

Fly-pollinated flowers

Often smell like rotting meat and are typically red.

13
New cards

Bird-pollinated flowers

Produce copious nectar as a reward and tend to be red or yellow and odorless; hummingbirds have long bills to reach the nectar.

14
New cards

Bat-pollinated flowers

Produce copious nectar, open at night, emit strong fermenting, fruitlike, or musty odors, and are dull colored; often produced on the trunk.

15
New cards

Flowers pollinated by wind

Often have petals that are reduced or absent and lack nectaries, odors, and colors; have large anthers that produce lots of pollen; flowers form early in the spring before the leaves.

16
New cards

Wind-dispersed fruits and seeds

Have features that catch the wind for dispersal.

17
New cards

Animal-dispersed fruits & seeds

Can be dispersed externally (e.g., by burrs catching on fur) or internally (when eaten and pass undigested seeds through the gut and out with feces).

18
New cards

Mycorrhizae

The plant provides food for the fungus, and the fungus increases plant’s uptake of H2O and nutrients/deters plant pathogens.

19
New cards

Lichens

Symbiosis between a heterotrophic fungus (mycobiont) and a photosynthetic algae (photobiont) or cyanobacterium; the fungus protects the algae and traps H2O/minerals; the algae provides carbon compounds (glucose).

20
New cards

Leaf-cutter ants

Cultivate underground fungal gardens that grow on cut leaves to feed as food to the ant larvae in the nest.

21
New cards

Clown fish

Some sea anemones have a symbiotic mutualistic relationship with these fish, where the fish have a mucus coat that protects them from stinging.

22
New cards

Hermit crabs

Some sea anemones have a symbiotic mutualistic relationship with these animals, decreasing crab mortality.

23
New cards

Hard-coral polyps

Harbor mutualistic zooxanthellae endosymbionts (photosynthetic unicellular dinoflagellates) that provide food molecules and enhance a coral’s ability to deposit calcium carbonate.