Human body systems: Chapter 2 | Alex Kubaney

what does cytology mean

the study of cells

what is the cell theory

All plants and animals are made of cells and that all cells come from other cells

who are the 3 scientists that came up with the cell theory

Matthias Schleiden, Theodore Shwann, Rudolf Virchow

how are cells limited in size

they will divide if they get big enough

what does pro mean

before

what does karyo mean

nucleus

what are fimbriae

a series of threads

what is the nucleoid

a replacement for the nucleus on the prokaryotes

what does oid mean

resemble

what does eu mean

true

how big are animal cells compared to prokaryotic cells

10x bigger

what is the cell membrane

provides a shape for the cell and guards the cell

what does the cell membrane act as

double layer for nutrients and waste to pass thru

what does semi-permiable mean

only allowing some substances to leave the cell

describe the phospholipd bi-layer

molecules embedded proteins

what does philia mean

like or love

what does phobic mean

dislike

what are microvilli

folded cell membranes

what is the cytoplasm made up of

network of organized proteins proteins

what happens when too much waste product accumulates in the cell

it becomes toxic

what do all living things need to be surrounded by

fluids

what is the purpose of the phospholipid bi-layer

to separate the two

what are embedded proteins

proteins permanently attached to and embedded within a cell membrane's lipid bilayer

what are ion channels

specialized proteins embedded in cell membranes that create pores allowing ions to pass through.

what are transporter proteins

proteins embedded in cell membranes that facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane.

what are enzymes

proteins that act as biological catalysts, significantly speeding up chemical reactions within living organisms.

what are receptor sites

specific regions on proteins, typically on the surface of cells, that are capable of binding to and interacting with other molecules, like hormones, neurotransmitters, or drugs.

what are recognition sites

specific sequences of DNA that restriction enzymes recognize and bind to, in order to cleave the DNA molecule at or near that site

what are side effects

Side effects are unintended or additional effects that occur when you take a medication or undergo a medical treatment.

what are immunosuppressant drugs

medications that weaken the body's immune system

what is thalidomide

a drug that was initially developed as a sedative for pregnant women to stop throwing up in the morning.

what was the side effect of thalidomide

notorious for causing severe birth defects when taken by pregnant women

what is the nucleus

large round structure that holds dna info

what is the nucleolus

where the RNA is stored

what are chromatin

loose pieces of DNA

what are chromosomes

coiled pieces of DNA

what is the ER

tubular network for transport of chemicals

what is the function of ER

transport of chemicals within the cells

what is the function of the e smooth ER

location of lipid synthesis

what is on the rough ER

Studs with ribosomes

what are ribosomes

location of protein synthesis

what is the golgi complex

a stack of flat sacs

what is the function of the golgi complex

temp storage of chemicals

what are vacuoles

round sacs

what are vesicles

stores chemical substance

what are lysosomes

intracellular digestion

what do lysosomes contain

digestive enzymes

where are lysosomes made

formed from saccules in the golgi complex

what is autolysis

programed cell death

what are mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

what is cellular respiration

generation of ATP or energy

what are centrioles

9+0 cell arrangement of micro tubes

where do you find centrioles

animal cells

what are the two organelles for motion

flagella and cilia

what is the flagella

moitle tail that used for movement of cells

what are Cecilia

hairs that are used for movement

what are two common places that cilia is found

airway of lungs and fallopian tube

what is interphase

a period when the cell is formed until its divided

what is the G1 phase of interphase

period of cell growth

what is the S phase of interphase

the chromosome replicates

what is the G2 phase of interphase

period of cell growth

what are the four steps in the mitotic phase

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

what is prophase

cell prepares to divide

what is metaphase

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

what is Anaphase

chromosomes move apart to opposite ends of the cell

what is Telophase

cell constricts into two cells and returns into interphase

what is cytokinesis

cell constricts into two cells

how often do skin cells, blood cells, and cells lining the alimentary canal divide

continuously throughout life

what is the alimentary canal

the continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

how often do liver and kidney cells divide

as needed

how often do muscle and nerve cells divide

they do not

what does amitotic mean

without mitosis

what are the two types of abnormal cell division

hyperplasia, neoplasm

what is hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells

what is neoplasm

tumor or cancer

what are malignant tumors known as

cancer

what is the end result of mitosis

2 daughter cells

where does meiosis occur

diploid cells

what karyokinesis mean

nucleus movement

what does soma mean

body

what is a karyotype

a chart with all 23 pairs of chromosomes