cognitive psych 1

cognitive psychology

The branch of psychology that explores the operation of mental processes related to perceiving, attending, thinking, language, and memory, mainly through inferences from behavior

Plato

Being a rationalist, _____ believes that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis

Aristotle

Being an empiricist, _______ believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence

René Descartes

___________ felt that one could not rely on one’s senses because those very senses have often proven to be deceptive

John Locke

________ believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek knowledge through empirical observation

Immanuel Kant

__________ argued that both rationalism and empiricism have their place–which is accepted by most psychologists in the present

Structuralism

First major school of thought in psychology. Seeks to understand the structure of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components

Wilhelm Wundt

__________ is a German psychologist who is often viewed as the founder of structuralism

Introspection

looking inward at pieces of information passing through consciousness

Edward Titchener

He certainly helped bring structuralism to the United States. His experiments relied solely on the use of introspection.

Functionalism

Suggested that psychologists should focus on the processes of thought rather than on its contents. Seeks to understand what people do and why they do it

Pragmatism

knowledge is validated by its usefulness.

William James

leader in guiding functionalism toward pragmatism; authored the Principles of Psychology.

Associationism

Examines how elements of the mind can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning. may result from contiguity, similarity, or contrast.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

________ was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically. Specifically, he studied about the role of repetitions in learning– called rehearsal–using nonsense syllables.

Edward Lee Thorndike

_______ held that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming associations. He termed this principle the law of effect.

Behaviorism

Focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli. _________ may be considered an extreme version of associationism

Ivan Pavlov

His landmark work paved the way for development of behaviorism

John B. Watson

Father of Radical Behaviorism. He believed that psychologists must concentrate only on observable behavior

B.F. Skinner

proposed the concept of operant conditioning - strengthening or weakening behavior through rewards and punishments.

Edward Tolman

_________ suggested that all behavior is directed towards a goal. He is viewed sometimes as the forefather of modern cognitive psychology.

Albert Bandura

__________ stated that learning appears to result from observations of the rewards or punishments given to others. This consideration of social learning opens the way to considering what is happening inside the mind of the individual.

Gestalt Psychology

We best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes. “The whole is more than the sum of its parts”.

Cognitivism

the belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think. It rejects the notion that psychologists should avoid studying mental processes because they are unobservable. It is a synthesis of earlier forms of analysis such as behaviorism and Gestaltism.

Karl Spencer Lashley

_________ considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of behavior – most of which are not readily explicable in terms of simple conditioning

Donald Hebb

proposed the concept of cell assemblies as the basis for learning in the brain. Cell assemblies are coordinated neural structures that develop through frequent stimulation.

Naom Chomsky

_________ stressed both the biological basis and the creative potential of language.

Turing Test

a computer program would be judged as successful to the extent that its output was indistinguishable, by humans, from the output of humans.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

the attempt by humans to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information.

Intelligence

It is the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to surrounding environment.

Metacognition

people’s understanding and control of their own thinking processes.

Cultural Intelligence

person’s ability to adapt to a variety of challenges in diverse cultures.

Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence

Proposed by John Caroll. Intelligence compromises a hierarchy of cognitive abilities: Stratum I, II, III.

Stratum I

narrow, specific abilities.

Stratum II

broad abilities

Stratum III

single general intelligence

Fluid ability

is speed and accuracy of abstract reasoning, especially for novel problems.

Crystallized ability

accumulated knowledge and vocabulary

Theory of Multiple Intelligence

Proposed by Howard Gardner. There are eight distinct intelligences that are relatively independent of each other

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Proposed by Robert Sternberg Emphasizes the extent to which different aspects of intelligence work together: Creative, Analytical, and Practical abilities.

Creative abilities

are used to generate novel ideas

Analytical abilities

ascertain whether ideas are good ones

Practical abilities

are used to implement the ideas and persuade others of their value

Metacomponents

higher- order executive processes used to plan, monitor, and evaluate problem solving

Performance components

Lower-order processes used for implementing the commands of the metacomponents

Knowledge-acquisition components

the processes used for learning how to solve the problems in the first place