Absolute Monarchs

Divine Right

the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth

Constitutional monarchy

laws limited the ruler’s power.

Republic

A government with an elected governor whose power depended on the support of merchants and landholders.

Seven Years’ War

1756-1763

Caused by Alliances changing and pitting Austria, France, Russia, and others against Britain and Prussia. Fredrick attacked Saxony, an Austrian ally, and the war started

Results: France lost its colonies in North America, and Britain gained sole economic domination of India

British were the ‘real’ victors of the war

Thirty Years’ War

1618-1648

Protestants in Bohemia did not like Ferdinand II -he was catholic and a foreigner- and when he closed protestant churches, they revolted. He sent an army to stop the revolt. Several German protestant princes challenged Ferdinand II, thus beginning the thirty years’ war

Results:

Beginning of nation-states

Land (map) changed a lot

The economy of Western Europe (Couldn’t find anything on East)

Western Europe gained economic power through capitalism, East maybe not idk

Huguenots

French Protestants

Versailles

“Small Royal City”

Immensely rich

Center of Arts during Louis XIV’s reign

Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)

The first king of the Bourbon dynasty in France

James I

Relative of Elizabeth (inherited throne because she had no kids) and already King of Scotland.

Offended Puritans, did not use their reform ideas

James II

King after Charles II died, appointed Catholics to high office, offended protestants; Seven members of Parliament invited Mary (James’ protestant daughter) and William of Orange (Her husband) to overthrow James II. The overthrow was bloodless and is called the Glorious Revolution

Charles I

Charles offended Puritans by upholding the rituals of the Anglican Church

He wanted both his kingdoms to follow one religion

The Scots rebelled, assembled a huge army, and threatened to invade England.

Charles tried to arrest Parliament’s leaders in January 1642, but they escaped.

English Civil War starts, Those who remained loyal to Charles were called Royalists or Cavaliers. On the other side were Puritan supporters of Parliament

Publicly Executed in 1649

Oliver Cromwell

became the head of state, called the Lord Protector. The government united England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland under a single government and gave all the nations a seat in the new British parliament. Under Cromwell, the Protectorate provided for a large army and navy.

Louis XIII

Weak king, Appointed a strong minister (Cardinal Richelieu)

Louis XIV

Strongest King of His time, claimed the throne at 4

Weakened the power of nobles by excluding them from his councils

Devoted himself to helping France attain economic, political, and cultural brilliance

Canceled the Edict of Nantes

Peter the Great

One of Russia’s greatest reformers

Wanted to Westernize Russia with Europe as a model

Built St.Petersburg, new capital city, took many years

* introduced potatoes, which became a staple of the Russian diet;
* started Russia’s first newspaper and edited its first issue himself;
* raised women’s status by having them attend social gatherings;
* ordered the nobles to give up their traditional clothes for Western fashions;
* advanced education by opening a school of navigation and introducing schools for the arts and sciences.

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Fredrick II (Fredrick the Great)

King of Prussia

Followed his father’s military policies when he came to power. However, he also softened some of his father’s laws.

Believed that a ruler should be like a father

Started War against Austria to gain Silesia

Maria Theresa

Was Attacked by Fredrick the Great for Silesia

Assumed that she would not be able to fight back because she’s a woman

Pushed back Fredricks forces, but lost Silesia in treaty

Ivan the Terrible (IV)

Became King of Russia at a young age

Crowned himself Czar (Caesar)

The first Czar

Gave Russia code of laws

Married Anastasia

Struggled for power with Boyars (Landowning Nobles)

1560, became paranoid that they poisoned his wife, killed Boyars and seized their land

Edict of Nantes

Protected the religious freedom of Huguenots

Peace of Westphalia

* weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria;
* strengthened France by awarding it German territory;
* made German princes independent of the Holy Roman emperor;
* ended religious wars in Europe;
* introduced a new method of peace negotiation whereby all participants meet to settle the problems of a war and decide the terms of peace. This method is still used today.

English Bill of Rights

Placed limits on a monarch’s powers.

Habeas Corpus

Gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that the prisoner be brought before a judge to specify the charges against the prisoner.

The judge would decide whether the prisoner should be tried or set free.

A monarch could not put someone in jail simply for opposing the ruler.

Prisoners could not be held indefinitely without trials.