An tech 6 IVDD and fractures

What does IVDD stand for?

Intevertebral Disc Disease

Describe what the intevertebral disks are composed of.

Annulus Fibrosus = outer fiberous layer
Nucleus pulpous = inner gel like nucleus

What purpose do these disc serve?

allow a larger range of motion and prevent vertebrae from rubbing against one another

What does chondrodystrophic mean? List 2 examples of a chondrodystrophic breed.

cartilage malformation; dachshund and bulldog

75 % to 100% of chondrodystrophic breeds undergo what within 1 year of age ?

degenerative changes of the vertebrae

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 herination?

Type 1 = acute onset and more severe c/s, present in chondrodystrophic breeds most commonly at the ages of 3-6 years of age
Type 2 = causual and gradual onset w/ typically less severe c/s, presents in NON chondrodystrophic breeds, common at 8-10 years of age, more common in large breeds

What are the c/s for IVDD?

Cervical = neck pain, reluctantance to move head or neck, stiff gait, lowered head, front limb lameness
thoracolumbar = back pain, hunched posture, backend paresis or paralysis, urinary incontinence or urinary retention (but not both)

When taking radiographs to diagnose IVDD, what is required and why?

anesthesia for proper postioning

What are you looking for on a radiograph for IVDD?

narrowed intevertebral disk space

In IVDD this is required for a definitive diagnosis.

myelogram

What are the treatment options for both types of heriniation?

medical = strict cage rest, corticosteroids, NSAIDS, muscle relaxers
sugery = fenestration or hemilaminectomy

What do animals getting intensive nursing care requiere?

soft padding in cage, indwelling catheter or bladder expression, frequent turning and proper nutrition

What percentage of cases treated medically had reoccurrence of the disease with more severe signs?

40%

If a patient lacks deep pain for longer than _______ hours, prognosis is _________.

24 / poor

What are two things owners can do to help prevent IVDD?

use harness and limit jumping on and off couches and beds

Withdrawl response for deep pain test is called ?pr

flexor response

What is the major cause of fractures in dogs and cats ?

hit by car

What is the very first thing done when assessing a patient presenting for fracture? Why?

muzzle , dog is in pain and may bite

What are 3 ways to classify a fracture ? and fr

- severity ( incomplete or complete)
- breaks through the skin ( open or closed)
- shape

Who are commonly affected by salter-harris fracture? How many types are there?

young animals / 6

What is the difference between avulsion fracture and an articular fracture?

avulsion = is when a small piece of bone is pulled away from the main bone by tendon or muscle
articular = fracture within a joint

What is the most common cause of fractures and what is another reason?

Hit by a car/ Repeated stress, bone disease, other trauma

What are 2 instructions you will give a client if they call and their dog was hit by a car?

muzzle dog and lift carefully by putting something underneath them, bring to clinc or ER immediately

What is the first thing you do when getting a dog out of the car that has been hit?

muzzle

If the dog presents critical, what are 2 initial assessments you can make/ will do ?

Vitals, CRT, blood pressure, oxygen

What is the difference between closed and open fracture ?

closed =

What is a Salter-Harris fracture?

growth plate fractures

What are 3 things are essential for fracture healing?

- time
- alignment (reduction)
- immobilization ( fixation)

What are the 4 stages of healing?

1. hematoma stage
2. soft callus (easily broken)
3. hard callus
4. callus remodled

What are 4 factors that affect fracture healing?

- vascularity
- fracture type
- fracture reduction
- fracture motion
- patient age and health

What type of fractures use a splint or cast?

closed and incomplete fractures

What is a benefit of a splint vs a cast?

splints are easier to manage and change while cast are difficult to periodically change

What are 2 instructions to give someone with a pet wearing a splint ? Or cast?

- must be kept clean and dry
- any swelling in toes is bad

What are 3 forms of internal fixation?

- bone plates
- bone screws
- IM pins
- interlocking nails

When would you use external fixators ?

- infected fractures
- comminated fractures
- gunshots
- severe wounds
- osteotomies

Why would you hang the leg prior to fracture repair ?

To get the muscles to relax

What are some post - op instructions (list at least 4 )?

- cage rest
- no running, jumping or stairs
- watch for swelling or discharge
- no bathing or swimming

What are some common post op fracture complications?

- bone infection
- delayed union
- malunion
- nonunion
- aseptic loosening

What type of fractures are cast and splints used for ?

fractures distal to elbow or stifle ( simple fractures)

Difference between external and internal fixation devices ?

external = outside skin and muscle
internal = inside under skine and muscle

What are some type of external devices ?

Sk fixation, KE fixation, and ring fiaxtion

What are some type of internal devices ?

bone plates, pins, screws

How quickly will patient go back to normal after sugery for IVDD?

2 weeks