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Ecological Systems Theory
Environmental layers influencing development, including immediate family (microsystem), larger community structures like schools (exosystem), and overarching cultural or societal norms (macrosystems)
Temperament
Innate traits that influence how children respond to their environment, said to influence personality and development (ex. activity level, emotional reactivity, and adaptability)
Imprinting
Instinctive attachment in early life
Contact Comfort
Emotional security from physical touch
Separation Anxiety
Distress when caregiver leaves, emerging especially around 8-14 months of age
Attachment Styles
Describes how children form emotional bonds with caregivers, influencing relationships later in life
Authoritarian Parenting
Strict rules, high expectations, prioritizes dicipline and obedience, relies on punishment; limited warmth or responsiveness to child’s needs
Permissive parenting
Parents show warmth and responsiveness but have few rules and low expectations; avoids enforcing strict boundaries
Authoritative Parenting
High expectations with warmth and support; clear rules and encourage independence, but open to children's needs and opinions
Secure Attachment
Confidence in caregiver's support and trust that they’ll meet their needs
Avoidant Attachment
Child is emotionally distant and avoids seeking comfort from caregivers
Anxious Attachment
Child exhibits clinginess and distress when separated from caregiver
Disorganized Attachment
Child displays confused or contradictory attachment behaviors, often linked to trauma
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES)
Stressful or traumatic events in childhood that negatively impact long-term health
Social Clock
Societal expectations for when major life events should occur (e.g., marriage, parenthood)
Emerging Adulthood
A phase (late teens to mid-20s) characterized by exploration and identity development
Adolescent Egocentrism
The belief that one's experiences and emotions are unique and intensely personal
Imaginary Audience
Adolescents' belief that they are constantly being watched and judged by others
Personal Fable
A sense of invulnerability and belief in one’s uniqueness, common in adolescence
Possible Selves
Imagined future versions of oneself based on goals and fears
Social Identity
The part of one’s self-concept derived from group memberships, like nationality or religion
Identity Diffusion
Stage where have not yet explored or committed to life choices regarding beliefs, goals, or values, often leading to uncertainty about their sense of self
Identity Foreclosure
Stage where individuals commit to goals, beliefs, or values without exploring alternatives, often adopting the expectations of parents or society
Identity Moratorium
Stage where there is active exploration of different identities (life paths, beliefs, values) without committing to one
Identity Achievement
Stage where they have explored and made firm decisions regarding beliefs, values and goals, leading to a strong and stable identity
