McGurik biology 2.3 test FRESHMAN

Organic chemistry

Study of compounds with carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds

inorganic chemistry

study of all other compunds

carbon has ____ valence electrons

4

carbon can form 4 strong ________ bonds

covalent

carbon can bond with _________

H, O, P, S, N

Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms to form _________

chains; rings; single, double, triple bonds

Carbon's versatility allows ______ of different compounds

millions

what are the 3 fundamental shapes of carbon based molecules

straight chains, branched chains, rings

macromolecules

"Giant molecules" found in living cells

macromolecules are built by _______________

polymerization (joining small units into large chains)

monomers

small units that can be bonded to become polymers

Polymers

chain of monomers

monomers can be _________ or ____________

similar; different

what are the 4 main macromolecules? (will have to explain each)

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

carbohydrates

elements: C, H, O

function: energy + structure

Lipids

elements: C, H

function: energy storage, membranes, insulation

nucleic acids

elements: C, H, O, N, P

function: store & transmit genetic info

protein

elements: C, H, O, N

function: structure, enzymes, transport, immunity

carbohydrates ratio of atoms

1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen

3 main types of carbohydrates (will have to explain)

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

monosaccharides

description: simple sugars (1 unit)

examples: glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharides

description: 2 sugars linked

examples: sucrose (glucose + fructose)

polysaccharides

description: many sugars

examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose

carbohydrates main function

quick energy source

carbohydrates are a structural role in _____________ & _________ ___________

plants; some animals

carbohydrates special polysaccharides (will have to explain each)

glycogen, chitin, starch, celulose

glycogen

sugar storage in animals

chitin

structural support in arthropods (exoskeleton)

starch

sugar storage in plants

cellulose

plant structure (rigidity)

lipids are made mostly of _________ and ________

carbon; hydrogen

lipids are _________ (don't like water)

hydrophobic (water fearing)

main types of lipids

fats, oils, waxes, steroids

functions of lipids

long term energy storage, cell membranes (phospholipids), insulation, hormones, waterproofing

structure of a lipid

glycerol + fatty acids

types of fats (will have to explain)

saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated

saturated fats

bonds: all single bonds

example: butter

state at room temp: solid

unsaturated fats

bonds: one or more double bonds

example: olive oil

state at room temp: liquid

polyunsaturated fats

bonds: many double bonds

example: fish oil

state at room temp: liquid

phospholipids head

polar (hydrophilic)

phospholipids tail

non polar (hydrophobic)

phospholipids form _________ in water

bilayer

phospholipids are ________ for cell structure

critical

nucleic acids function

store and transmit genetic info

nucleic acids elements

C, H, O, N, P

nucleic acids monomer

nucleotide

structure of a nucleotide

5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group (-PO4), nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C, U)

types of nucleic acids (all have to explain)

DNA and RNA

DNA

sugar = deoxyribose

RNA

sugar = ribose

what is an ATP?

adenosine triphospahte

what is adenosine triphospahte?

special nucleotide used to store and transfer energy

protein elements

C, H, O, N

proteins monomer

amino acid

proteins peptide bonds link amino acids to form __________

polypeptides

functions of proteins

enzymes (control reactions), cell regulation, structural (muscle, skin), transport (hemoglobin), immune defense (antibodies)

amino acids have and __________ group and a _________ group

amino; carboxl

amino acids differ in _________

R-group

amino acids have _____ different kinds

20

4 levels of protein structure (will have to explain)

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

primary protein strucuture

sequence of amino acids

secondary protein strucuture

folding (a-helix or B-sheet)

tertiary protein strucuture

3D shape of a polypeptide

quaternary protein strucuture

arrangement of multiple polypeptides (ex. hemoglobin)

what elements are found in all organic molecules?

carbon, hydrogen (and often oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur)

what type of bond does carbon typically form?

covalent bonds

what is the monomer of protiens?

amen acids

which macromolecules contain genetic material?

nucleic acids

what are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides