Outline Notes Ch. 4

multinational corporations

§ Change may occur as new actors, including ________ and nongovernmental organizations, augment or replace state actors.

Alliances

________ tend to be long term, based on relatively permanent, not shifting, interests.

Economic disparities

________ are built into the structure, and all actions are constrained by it.

capitalism

For Marxists, crippling stratification in the system is caused by ________.

Radicals

________ seek to describe and explain the structure of the international system in terms of stratification, the uneven division of resources among different groups of states.

hegemon

The ________ enforces norms and ensures the continuation of the system.

Comprehensiveness

________: you can not understand the whole by only referencing its parts; it enables scholars to organize the seemingly disjointed parts of the international system into a whole; it permits theorizing about change.

Unipolarity

________: one state commands influence in the international system by virtue of size, economic and /or military capability, or organizational competence.

Warsaw Pact

Bipolarity: in the bipolar system of the Cold War, each of the blocs (NATO and ________) sought to negotiate rather than fight, to fight minor wars rather than major ones, and to fight major wars rather than fail to eliminate the rival bloc.

O Bipolar systems

________ are very difficult to regulate formally, since neither uncommitted states nor international organizations are able to direct the behavior of either of the two blocs.

Systems theory

________ is a holistic, top- down approach.

System management

________ and stability: realists do not agree among themselves on how polarity matters.

Social norms

________ may change through collective action or through individuals.

New International Economic Order

The call for the ________ (NIEO) in the 1970s is an example of a radical effort to empower the South.

Multiple interactions

________ occur among different parties, and various actors learn from the interaction.

multiple channels

There are ________ connecting states, and multiple issues and agendas arise in the interdependent system.

individual level

At the ________, change occurs through persuasion and through internationalization of new norms.

Multipolarity

________: if there are a number of influential actors in the international system, a balance- of- power, or multipolar, system is formed.

§ Change

________ may occur because of changes in the relative importance of different issue areas, such as the increasing focus on economic issues, human rights, and the environment.

Polarity

________: system ________ refers to the number of blocs of states that exert power in the international system.

International institutions

________ are created to moderate state behavior.

multinational corporations

Actors include not only states but international governmental organizations, nongovernmental organizations, ________, and substate actors.

Economic disparities

________ are built into the structure of the system.

Polarity

system polarity refers to the number of blocs of states that exert power in the international system

Multipolarity

if there are a number of influential actors in the international system, a balance-of-power, or multipolar, system is formed

Bipolarity

in the bipolar system of the Cold War, each of the blocs (NATO and Warsaw Pact) sought to negotiate rather than fight, to fight minor wars rather than major ones, and to fight major wars rather than fail to eliminate the rival bloc

Unipolarity

one state commands influence in the international system by virtue of size, economic and/or military capability, or organizational competence

System management and stability

realists do not agree among themselves on how polarity matters

Comprehensiveness

you cannot understand the whole by only referencing its parts; it enables scholars to organize the seemingly disjointed parts of the international system into a whole; it permits theorizing about change

The 1648 Treaties of Westphalia are important because they marked the rise of religious authority uniting Europe.

False

Individuals have very little influence over or impact on international relations.

False

A “nation” is defined as a group of individuals that are citizens of the same state.

False

The international system currently could be accurately characterized as being unipolar in nature.

False

Our current state-centric system of international relations traces its' roots back to the Treaty of Westphalia.

True

International relations are exclusively driven by central governments and heads of state rather than by ordinary citizens.

False

Nationalism is one of the most potent and powerful forces in the world.

True

From the Realist perspective, the defining characteristic of the international system is anarchy.

True

Social media and new forms of communication technology have significantly empowered the individual in terms of international relations.

True

The international system is currently bipolar in its' orientation.

False

A       is a state that has such overwhelming political, military and economic power that it dominates the international sphere.

hegemon

       proposes that individuals, both alone and in groups, act in patterned ways.

Behavioralism

         refers to a state's absolute authority and perpetual power. This means it is free from external interference and its' rule and actions cannot be challenged by other states.

Sovereignty

According to Marxists and most other radicals, the international system is characterized by crippling stratification caused by        __.__

capitalism

The international system from the 19th Century through the end of World War II was primarily characterized as a ___ system.

balance of power

The international system during the Cold War was          in nature.

bipolar

Liberals view the international system as a           

process

For realists, the basic ordering principle of the international system is       .

anarchy

Liberals believe that        is essential to progress and stability in the international system.

multilateralism

Radicals seek to explain the international system through           , the uneven division of resources and power between different groups of states.

stratification

A "nation" is a 

group of self-identifying people that are  united by culture, history, language, religion \n and social norms.

Why is 1648 a seminal year for scholars of international relations?

It marked a decrease of religious authority \n in Europe, and the rise of secular authority in the form of sovereign states.

The three levels of analysis in the international system are:

the individual, the state and the international system.

How would realists explain the opposition of certain countries to the 2003 Iraq War?

They felt the war was not in their national interest.

Neorealists such as Kenneth Waltz focus primarily on

the international system’s structure.

 The idea that institutions such as the League of Nations and the United Nations will significantly change international politics is a product of ________ thinking.

 liberal

What does collective security involve?

States band together, promising that if one member is attacked there will be a collective response against the aggressor.

Who do realists believe are the primary actors in international relations?

states

To what does the term polarity refer?

 the number of influential blocs that exert power in the international system

 At the end of the Gulf War, given the power and position of the United States, many states became worried that the international system had become

unipolar.

Which actors do liberals NOT see as important in the international system?

individual voters

Multilateralist actions involve

coordination among several states.

Marxists argue that the international system empowers the rich and disenfranchises the weak, and that the capitalist tools used to perpetuate this system include all of the following EXCEPT

labor unions.

According to constructivists, what causes change in the international system?

changing ideas and cultural change

 A currently rapidly rising power that could greatly alter the international system is

China.

What does the realist concept of anarchy entail?

no authority above the state at the international level

Realists argue that states act in a unitary way in pursuit of their national interest, which is defined in terms of __________________________.

a desire to gain power.

A set of propositions and concepts that combine to explain phenomena by specifying the relationships among the propositions is _______________________. 

collective security

Democratic peace theory argues that

democracies are unlikely to go to war with other democracies.

For constructivists, a key source of power is

ideas

In bipolar systems, alliances are long-term relationships based on interests, whereas in multipolar balance-of-power systems alliances are short-term relationships formed for a specific purpose.

True

Stratification in the international system refers to the uneven distribution of resources among different groups of states.

True

Liberals view the international system as being made up of numerous actors, including multinational corporations, nongovernmental organizations, and substate entities.

True

Realists attribute changes in the international system to

changes in the power relationship among the main actors in the system.

The fact that India’s development of nuclear weapons made Pakistan less secure, leading it to pursue nuclear weapons as well, illustrates…

the security dilemma.

System

Assemblage of objects, units, or parts that are united by some form of regular interaction

Traditional Realists believe that the international system

states can shape the system

Neorealists believe that the international system

states are more constrained by the system

Two Norms of Bipolar International System

Tight and Loose

Tight

International Organizations do not develop or are ineffective

Loose

International Organizations can develop to mediate between the two blocs