combined ap bio last test 2nd semester

what is a virus

An acellular infectious agent that requires a host cell to replicate

what is a virus’ strucutre (add pic)

Genetic material (DNA or RNA) + protein capsid; sometimes envelope

what does reverse transcriptase do

creates DNA from an RNA template, a process that essentially reverses the usual flow of genetic information (RNA to protein)

what does intergrase do

catalyzes the insertion of viral DNA into the host cell's genome,

what is a capsid

Protein coat surrounding viral genetic material

what is a capsid’s structure (add pic)

Made of capsomeres; specific shape helps virus attach to host

what is a Bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria

what is a Bacteriophage’s structure (add pic)

Capsid head, tail sheath, tail fibers

what is a Bacteriophage associated with

Lytic & lysogenic cycles, transduction, bacterial genetics

what is RNA virus

Virus with RNA as genetic material

what is an RNA virus’ structure (add pic)

RNA used directly or copied into DNA via reverse transcriptase

what is Reverse Transcriptase

Enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA

how does Reverse Transcriptase work

RNA → complementary DNA → host genome integration

what is Reverse Transcriptase associated with

Retroviruses, HIV, long-term infection

what is Retrovirus (HIV)

RNA virus that integrates into host DNA

how does Retrovirus (HIV) work

Uses reverse transcriptase + integrase

what is Retrovirus (HIV) associated with

Immune system attack (T cells), chronic infection

what is the lytic cycle

Viral reproductive cycle causing host cell death

what are the steps to the lytic cycle

Attachment → injection → replication → assembly → lysis

what is the Lysogenic cycle

Viral DNA integrates into host genome without killing cell

what is a virulent

Pathoge like a bacterium or virus that is highly effect in causing severe disease in a host.

what is an epidemic

Rapid disease spread in one region

what is a pandemic

Global disease outbreak

what is homeostatsis

regulating internal body systems

what is a pathogen

a microorganism that can cause disease to a host

what are prokaryote

simple single celled organism that lack a nucleus+ other organelles

what is bacteria

single celled prokaryotic microorganisms that

what are eukaryote

organism that has true membrane bound oragnelles + nucleus

what are the three shapes of bacteria

• Cocci (sphere)

• Bacilli (rod)

• Spirilla (spiral)

what is quorum sensing

bacterial communication system where cells release to detect chemical signals to wipe out population

what is a capsule

a dense layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of a prokaryotic cell protecting it.

what is gram positive

bacteria with a thick peptidoglycon cell wall that stain blue/ purple under a microscope

what is gram negative

bacteria with thin peptidoglycon cell wall that stain pink under a microscope

what is a peptidoglycon

sugar and amino acid polymer associated with cell wall strength

hat is a plasmid (add pic)

circular piece of dna that replicate on its own

what is transformation

process where cells take up and incorporates new external DNA from its surroundings causing a genetic change (uptake of environmental DNA)

what is conjugation

in prokaryotes, direct transfer of DNA 2 cells that are temporarily joined (horizontal gene transfer)

what is transduction

the process of converting one type of signal/ energy into another (viral gene transfer)

what is archaea

single caller microorganisms different from bacteria and eukaryotes

what is the domain

highest taxonomic level. three catergories bacteria, archea and eukarya

photoautotroph

organism that creates its own food using sunlight (photosynthesis)

chemoautotroph

organism (bacteria or archea) that creates its own its own food using energy from inorganic chemical reactions

nitrogen fixation

process where microorganisms like bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into usable forms like ammonia

symbiosis

long term interaction between 2 diff species where 1 benefits and the relationship is they either they both benefit, harmful for one or neutron for one

parasitism

relationship where parasite lives on or inside a host, benefiting cus it gets nutrients while harming host

mutualism

close relationship where 2 diff species both benefit something like food, protection

commensalism

relationship where 1 organism benefits by getting food, shelter while host is neither benefited or harmed

chemistry of early life

studies how non living chemicals on earth formed building blocks (like amino acids, sugars, etc) and complex molecules like (proteins, RNA,DNA) that eventually self organized into the first living cells

binary fission

simple form of asexual reproduction where one parent fell duplicates its DNA and then splits into two genetically identical. daughter cells

oparin/ haladene/ miller experiments

early life had reducing atmosphere (lacking oxygen) where lightning and UV light sparked the creation of simple organic molecules ( like amino acids) from inorganic gases, forming a “primordial soup” that eventually led to life

what is a ligand

singalong molecule

what is a receptor

protein that receives signal from ligand

what is the G protein

a binding protein that relays on signals from the cell membrane

what is the phosphorylation

process of adding a phosphate group into a molecule, switch the that deactivates/ activates proteins or enzymes

what is amplification

strengthening of stimulus’ energy during transduction

what is paracrine

nearby signaling

what is autocrine

self signaling

what is juxtacrine

beside/ next to signaling

what is endocrine

long distance signaling w blood

what is synaptic signaling

how neurons (nerve cells) talk to each other and other cells using neurotransmitters that cross the synapse

what is quorum sensing

bacterial communication system where cells release to detect chemical signals to wipe out population

what is negative feedbacks

a control system where the body produces change to maintain homeostasis

what is positive feedback

a control system that pushes the body further from homeostasis

antigen

any substance your immune system recognizes as foreign and triggers defense response

what is an antibody

protein that recognizes and locks onto foreign invaders (antigens)

what is a vaccine

biological preparations that train your immune system,

what is immunization

body building up resistance to an illness

what is phagocytosis

cell engulfs large particles by wrapping its membrane around the substance, bringing it inside itself and destroying it