Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes Test

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71 Terms

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why rocks?

most earth processes involve rocks, they give us clues about earth's past environment

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what is a rock?

a rock is a solid mass of minerals or mineral type minerals

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what rock has organic mineral in it?

coal

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how many types of rocks are there?

three

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Igneous

formed from cooled lava or magma (melted rock)

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sedimentary

when rocks are exposed to weathering forces it creates sediments, when those sediments are compacted it creates sedimentary rocks (lithification)

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metamorphic

when rocks are exposed to heat (not enough to melt) and pressure, it changed the chemistry of the rock, and it becomes metamorphic

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the rock cycle

summarizes how each of these rock types form or is transformed into the other; one type of rock can turn into any other type, it's an unending process

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igneous rocks

formed from rocks that have melted and then cooled, some igneous rock formed at the surface but most is underground

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what are igneous rocks also called?

volcanic rock

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intrusive rock

forms when magma has cooled below the (INside the earth), has larger crystals because of slow cooling

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what is intrusive rock sometimes called?

plutonic rock

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extrusive rock

forms from lava that cools at the surface (EXited the earth), has smaller or no crystals because of fast cooling

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what do we classify rocks based on?

texture and composition

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what are the four textures?

phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, and glassy

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phaneritic

(coarse grained), preacher cookie, large, easy to see crystals or grains. more are intrusive and cool slowly. ex: granite

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aphanitic

(fine grained), sugar cookie, smaller crystals or grains that cool quickly usually at or near surface. ex: basalt

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porphyritic

choc chunk cookie, has both large and small crystals because it cools at different times, ex: andesite porphry

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glassy

no crystals because it cools so fast, ex: obsidian and pumice

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pumice

vesicular looking because of trapped air (like a sponge)

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what are the two compositions?

felsic and mafic

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felsic

contains a lot of feldspar and silica, usually light in color and less dense, ex: granite

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mafic

contains large amount of magnesium and ferrum (iron) rich silicates, usually dark in color and more dense, ex: basalt

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what are the most common igneous rocks?

granite and basalt

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granite

intrusive (cools underground), coarse grained (big crystals), felsic (light in color), continental crust

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basalt

extrusive (cools underground), fine grained (small crystals), mafic (dark in color), oceanic crust

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volcano

as rock melts it becomes less dense and rises. if the molten rock can escape through a crack or think spot and creates a volcano

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magma

molten rock that is below earth's surface

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lava

molten rock that is on earth's surface

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where does the heat come from?

radioactive decay of elements, trapped heat from when the earth was formed, friction from the plates sliding

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where do volcanoes form?

divergent boundary, convergent boundary, hot spots

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divergent boundary

where plates are pulled apart

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rift

on land

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seafloor spreading

in ocean (mid-ocean ridge)

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convergent boundary

where plates are pushes together

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what has a convergent boundary?

trenches, volcano island arcs, and coastal volcanoes

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what is the ring of fire?

a ring of volcanoes that surrounds the pacific ocean and is due to convergent boundaries

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hot spots

intraplate volcanoes are not at a plate boundary at all but in the middle of a plate

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why does a hot spot occur?

because there is a small region deep down in the mantle plume that is hotter than normal magma and it leaks out

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what places have hot spots?

hawaiian islands and yellowstone national park

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what do the hawaiian islands show you?

how a plate has moved over a hot spot over the years

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old islands

have dormant volcanoes that are unlikely to ever erupt again

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young islands

have active volcanoes

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what is a volcano?

an opening where magma erupts onto earth's surface as lava and/or other extrusive material

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what are the three volcanic activities?

active, dormant, and extinct

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active

erupting or showing signs or erupting

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dormant

not active but could reawaken

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extinct

extremely unlikely to reawaken

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what are the two forms of eruptions?

explosive (convergent) and gentle (divergent)

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what are the gases volcanoes put off?

water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur

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what can be ejected from volcanoes?

pyroclastic material, tephra, they can range in size from tiny dust particles to large volcanic bombs

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what are pyroclastic clouds?

the combo of super heated gas and dust

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what are the three types of volcanoes?

shield, cinder cone, composite (stratovolcano)

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shield

usually form from basaltic lava, they are large, broad, and flat. usually less explosive. ex: hawaii

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cinder cone

they are formed from dust, ash, and cinder. they have steep slopes, single eruption that lasts from a few weeks to a few years. they are small in size.

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composite (stratovolcano)

they are symmetrical. they have layers of lava and pyroclastic material. they are the most dangerous (silica rich), most are in the ring of fire

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what are the four volcanic landforms?

crater, caldera, volcanic necks, lava plateaus

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crater

a depression at the top of a volcano

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caldera

formed when a volcano is no longer active and the top of the magma chamber starts to collapse in on itself

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volcanic necks

formed when magma hardens in the main pipe and the volcano erodes away but leaves the pipe

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lava plateaus

extensive areas of flood basalt; often at fissures where there is flood lava

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what are the four igneous intrusions?

plutons, sills, laccolith, dikes

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plutons

structures formed from magma cooled underground

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sills

cooled magma between parallel layers of sedimentary rock

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laccolith

similar to sills but in a lens shape because of thicker magma

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dikes

magma moves into a break in the rock layers

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what are the five volcano side effects?

hot springs, mudflow, geyser, geothermal, earthquakes

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hot springs

groundwater is heated by magma and forced to surface

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mudflow

volcano melts ice and combines with debrisgey

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geyser

heated groundwater turns into steam

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geothermal

heat can be harvested for energy