unit 8 Global Political Changes and Conflicts Post-1900

Land Reform

Redistribution of land ownership and regulations.

Chinese Civil War

Conflict between nationalists and communists post-WWII.

Mao Zedong

Leader of Chinese Communists, founded People's Republic.

Great Leap Forward

Policy for rapid agricultural and industrial reform.

Communes

State-owned agricultural communities for peasants.

Reeducation

Brainwashing and punishment for disloyalty to communism.

Cultural Revolution

Mao's campaign to reinforce communist ideology.

Red Guards

Revolutionary students enforcing Mao's policies.

Iranian Revolution

1979 overthrow of the shah, establishing Islamic government.

Theocracy

Government where religious leaders hold supreme authority.

White Revolution

Progressive reforms in Iran under Muhammad Reza Pahlavi.

Oil Nationalization

Iran's attempt to control its oil resources.

Venezuelan Land Reform

Redistribution of 5 million acres from large landowners.

Guatemalan Land Reform

Jacob Arbenz's reforms opposed by US interests.

Vietnam Land Redistribution

Communist Vietnam's land reforms supported by peasants.

South Vietnam Land Reform

Slow reforms led to unpopularity with citizens.

Haile Selassie

Ethiopian leader aligned with Western powers.

Mengistu Haile Mariam

Led unsuccessful socialist government in Ethiopia.

Indian Partition

1947 division into India and Pakistan.

Kerala Land Reforms

Progressive reforms later undone by central government.

Soviet Influence

Competition between China and USSR for global power.

Economic Image

Mao's strategy to export grain despite starvation.

Decolonization

Process of gaining independence from colonial powers.

Gandhi

Leader advocating nonviolent resistance for Indian independence.

Muslim League

Political group advocating for a separate Muslim nation, Pakistan.

WWII Impact

Weakened Britain, prompting negotiations for South Asian independence.

Independence Year

India and Pakistan gained independence in 1947.

Ghana

First Sub-Saharan independent country, achieved in 1957.

Pan-Africanism

Movement promoting unity among African nations and peoples.

Kwame Nkrumah

First President of Ghana, promoted nationalism and unity.

One Party State

Government system where a single party controls power.

Organization of African Unity

Alliance for cooperation among independent African nations.

Algerian War for Independence

Conflict between Algerians and French settlers for independence.

National Liberation Front (FLN)

Radical nationalist movement fighting for Algerian independence.

Algerian Civil War

Conflict starting in 1991 between FLN and Islamic rebels.

French West Africa

Region where France invested in infrastructure before independence.

Vietnam Division

Split of Vietnam into North and South post-independence.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam during independence struggle.

Vietnamese War of Independence

Conflict between Northern Vietnam and France over South Vietnam.

Suez Crisis

Nasser's attempt to nationalize Suez Canal led to conflict.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Overthrew Egyptian monarchy, established Republic of Egypt.

Biafran Civil War

Conflict in Nigeria over independence by the Igbo tribe.

Economic Reforms

Changes made to improve economic conditions in Vietnam.

Royal Indian Navy Revolt

1946 uprising that influenced British negotiations for independence.

Tribalism

Ethnic divisions threatening Nigerian unity.

Oil Protests

Destructive protests against Nigerian government exploitation.

Quebec Silent Revolution

Peaceful government change in Quebec.

French Nationalism

Desire for Quebec independence from British rule.

Israel's Founding

Established as a Jewish state post-Ottoman rule.

Balfour Declaration

British support for a Jewish state in Palestine.

Zionist Immigration

Jewish migration to Palestine angering local Arabs.

UN Partition Plan

Divided Palestine into Jewish and Arab states.

Israel-Palestine War

Conflict leading to Palestinian refugee crisis.

Six-Day War

Israel's rapid territorial gains in 1967.

Yom Kippur War

1973 invasion repelled by Israel.

Camp David Accords

Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.

Palestinian Liberation Organization

Group seeking Palestinian statehood and land return.

Fatah and Hamas

Palestinian political split in the 21st century.

Cambodia Independence

Gained independence from France in 1953.

Khmer Rouge

Communist regime responsible for mass killings.

Cultural Revolution in Cambodia

Ruthless regime change killing a quarter population.

Vietnam War Impact

Vietnam helped stabilize Cambodia post-war.

Kashmir Conflict

Territorial dispute between India and Pakistan.

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

First female prime minister in Sri Lanka.

Indira Gandhi

Strengthened India's economy as prime minister.

Benazir Bhutto

First female leader in a Muslim state.

Tanzania Independence

Established in 1961 from British colonial rule.

Julius Nyerere

First president of Tanzania, focused on education and farming.

Economic Hardship

Nyerere's inability to improve Tanzania's economy led to resignation.

Emigration

Movement of people from one country to another.

Metropole

Large city of a former colonial power.

Vietnamese Emigration

Vietnamese people moved to France post-war.

Filipino Emigration

Filipinos migrated to the United States for jobs.

Nonviolent Resistance

Opposition without violence, exemplified by Gandhi and King.

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of India's nonviolent independence movement from Britain.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Key figure in U.S. civil rights movement advocating nonviolence.

Brown v Board of Education

U.S. Supreme Court decision banning school racial segregation.

Nelson Mandela

Led nonviolent protests against apartheid in South Africa.

Wladyslaw Gomulka

Polish leader pursuing independent policies under Soviet influence.

Imre Nagy

Hungarian leader who declared neutrality and free elections.

Brezhnev Doctrine

Soviet policy to intervene in socialist countries' independence.

Year of Revolt

1968, marked by global protests and revolts.

French Protests

Student protests in France led to strikes and new elections.

Irish Republican Army

Catholic group fighting for Northern Ireland's independence.

Ulster Defense Association

Protestant group opposing Irish independence efforts.

Basque Separatist Movement

Sought independence for Basque region, resulted in violence.

Shining Path Organization

Peruvian terrorist group aiming for communist revolution.

Abimael Guzman

Leader of the Shining Path, responsible for mass killings.

Age of Terrorism

Period marked by non-governmental terrorist acts globally.

Al-Qaeda

Terrorist group led by Osama bin Laden.

September 11, 2001

Terrorist attacks in the U.S. killing 3,000.

Francisco Franco

Spanish dictator who executed political dissenters.

Idi Amin

Military dictator of Uganda known for human rights abuses.

Butcher of Uganda

Nickname for Idi Amin due to his brutal regime.

500,000 deaths

Casualties from Idi Amin's targeted ethnic policies.

60,000 Asians expelled

Amin's forced removal of Asian communities from Uganda.

Military Industry Complex

Powerful arms industry influencing American democracy.

Detente

Relaxation of U.S.-Soviet Union tensions during the Cold War.

SALT

Treaty to limit intercontinental ballistic missiles.

Soviet-Afghan War

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, ending in withdrawal.