Bio 223 Lec- Chapter 5

Chapter mcgaw review

1. Two names for the branch of biology concerned with tissue structure

• Histology and microscopic anatomy are two names for the branch of biology concerned with tissue structure

The four primary tissue classes that constitute the body

• The four primary tissue classes are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues 1.

3. The roles of cells, matrix, fibers, and ground substance in tissue composition, and how these terms relate to each other

Cells are the basic units, the matrix provides structure, fibers offer support, and ground substance fills spaces, all interrelated in tissue composition 36.

4. Primary germ layers of the embryo and their relationship to mature tissues

The primary germ layers are ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, which develop into various mature tissues 1.

5. How and why tissues are prepared as stained histological sections; the three common planes of section; and some ways that tissues are prepared other than sectioning

Tissues are prepared as stained histological sections to enhance visibility; common planes of section include longitudinal, cross, and oblique sections, with other methods like smears and spreads

1. Characteristics that distinguish epithelium from the other three primary tissue classes

Epithelial tissue is distinguished by closely adhering cells, avascularity, and high mitotic rates

2. Functions of the basement membrane and its relationship to an epithelium

The basement membrane anchors epithelium to connective tissue and supports its structure .

3. Defining characteristics of a simple epithelium

Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cells, all touching the basement membrane

4. Four types of simple epithelium and the appearance, functions, and representative locations of each

• Types of simple epithelium include simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and pseudostratified, each with specific functions and locations 17.

5. Defining characteristics of a stratified epithelium

Stratified epithelium has multiple layers, with only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane

6. Four types of stratified epithelium and the appearance, functions, and representative locations of each

Types of stratified epithelium include stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional, each serving distinct functions

7. Distinctions between keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, including differences in histology, locations, and functions

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium has a surface layer of dead cells, while non-keratinized lacks this layer, affecting their functions and locations

8. The special protective property and mechanism of urothelium

Urothelium provides protective properties by allowing stretching in the urinary tract

9. Epithelial exfoliation and its clinical relevance

Epithelial exfoliation is clinically relevant as it can indicate health conditions

1. Characteristics that distinguish connective tissue from the other three primary tissue classes

Connective tissue is characterized by a diverse composition, with cells occupying less space than the matrix

2.Functions of connective tissues

Functions include binding organs, support, protection, immune response, movement, storage, heat production, and transport

3. Cell types found in fibrous connective tissue, and the functions of each

Cell types in fibrous connective tissue include fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes, each with specific roles

4.Fiber types found in fibrous connective tissue, their composition, and the functions of each

Fiber types include collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers, differing in composition and function

5.The composition and variations in the ground substance of fibrous connective tissue

Ground substance varies in consistency and regulates water and electrolyte balance

6.The appearance, functions, and locations of areolar, reticular, dense irregular, and dense regular connective tissue

Areolar, reticular, dense irregular, and dense regular connective tissues have distinct appearances, functions, and locations

7. The appearance, functions, and locations of adipose tissue, including the differences between white and brown adipose tissue

Adipose tissue appears as fat storage, with white adipose for energy and brown for heat production

8. Defining characteristics of cartilage as a class; the three types of cartilage and how they differ in histology, function, and location; the relationship of the perichondrium to cartilage; and where perichondrium is absent

Cartilage is defined by its flexible matrix; types include hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, differing in histology and function

9. Defining characteristics of osseous tissue as a class; the distinction between spongy and compact bone; and the relationship of the periosteum to bone

Osseous tissue, also known as bone tissue, is distinguished by its mineralized matrix which imparts strength and rigidity, thereby supporting the body and enabling movement.

10.The appearance of cross sections of compact bone

reveal a dense and organized structure characterized by concentric rings known as lamellae

11. Why blood is classified as connective tissue; the term for its matrix; and the major categories of formed elements in blood

Blood is classified as connective tissue due to its matrix (plasma) and formed elements like red and white blood cells