MedTerms - Chapter 10 - Cardiovascular, Immune, Lymphatic Systems, and Blood

atrioventricular valves

tricuspid (right) and mitral/bicuspid (left) valves

semilunar valves

pulmonary valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery; aortic valve between left ventricle and aorta

pericardium

two-layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and an internal serous layer. The internal serous layer is then divided into two parts: the outer layer, called the parietal pericardium, and the inner layer, called the epicardium. Between these is the pericardial space, which contains fluid produced by the serous layer that facilitates movement of the heart.

epicardium

outer lining covering the heart; also part of the pericardium

myocardium

middle, thick, muscular layer of the heart

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

plasma

clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended. Plasma is approximately 90% water. The other 10% is composed of solutes (dissolved substances), which include proteins, electrolytes, and vitamins. Plasma comprises approximately 55% of the total blood volume.

serum

clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed

thrombocytes

one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process (also called platelets)

lymph

transparent, colorless, tissue fluid; contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in a oneway direction toward the heart

lymphatic vessels

transport lymph from body tissues into the right and left subclavian veins, which then empty into the superior vena cava. The lymphatic vessels begin as capillaries spread throughout the body then merge into larger tubes that eventually become ducts in the chest. They provide a one-way flow for lymph, which enters through veins into the circulatory system.

lymph nodes

small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. They may be singular or grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels. The nodes filter lymph to keep substances such as bacteria and other foreign agents from entering the blood. They also contain lymphocytes

spleen

located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm. In adulthood, the spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body. Blood, rather than lymph, flows through the spleen. Blood is cleansed of microorganisms in the spleen. The spleen stores blood and destroys worn out red blood cells.

thymus gland

one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. It plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system, particularly from infancy to puberty. Around puberty the thymus gland shrinks so that most of the gland is connective tissue

angi/o

vessels/blood vessels

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

arteries

atri/o

atrium

cardi/o

heart

cyt/o

cell

hem/o

blood

hemat/o

blood

lymph/o

lymph, lymph tissue

lymphaden/o

lymph node

my/o

muscle

myel/o

bone marrow

phleb/o

veins

plasm/o

plasma

splen/o

spleen

thym/o

thymus gland

valvul/o

valve

ven/o

veins

ventricul/o

ventricle

ather/o

yellowish, fatty plaque

ech/o

sound

electr/o

electricity

embol/o

plug

immun/o

immune system

isch/o

deficiency, blockage

thromb/o

blood clot

brady-

slow

endo-

within

intra-

within

pan-

all, total

peri-

surrounding, outer

poly-

many, much

tachy-

fast, rapid

-apheresis

removal

-ar

pertaining to

-centesis

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid

-ectomy

excision, surgical removal

-emia

in the blood

-genic

producing, originating, causing

-ia

diseased or abnormal state, condition of

-ic

pertaining to

-ism

state of

-lysis

loosening, dissolution, separating

-megaly

enlargement

-oma

tumor, swelling

-osis

abnormal condition (means increase when used with blood cell word roots)

-ous

pertaining to

-pathy

disease

-penia

abnormal reduction in number

-plasty

surgical repair

-rrhage

excessive flow

-rrhaphy

suturing, repairing

-sclerosis

hardening

-scopy

visual exam

-stasis

control, stop, standing

-stenosis

constriction or narrowing

angioma

tumor composed of blood vessels

angiocentesis

narrowing of blood vessel

aortic stenosis

narrowing of aortic valve

arteriosclerosis

hardening of arteries

atherosclerosis

hardening of fatty plaque deposited on arterial wall

bradycardia

slow heart rate (<60 bpm)

cardiomegaly

enlarged heart

cardiomyopathy

disease of heart muscle

endocarditis

inflamm of inner lining of heart (particularly heart valves)

ischemia

deficieny in blood flow due to constriction or obstruction of blood vessel

myocarditis

inflamm of heart muscle

pericarditis

inflamm of sac surrounding the heart

phlebitis

inflamm of vein

polyarteritis

inflamm of many arteries

tachycardia

rapid heart rate (>100 bpm)

thrombophlebitis

inflamm of a vein associated with a blood clot

valvulitis

inflamm of a heart valve

angioplasty

surgical repair of blood vessel

atherectomy

excision of fatty plaque (from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and a rotary cutter)

embolectomy

excision of embolus or clot, usually with a balloon catheter, inflating the balloon beyond the clot, then pulling the balloon back to the incision and bringing the plug with it

endarterectomy

excision within the artery (excision of plaque from the arterial wall)

pericardiocentesis

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart (usually to relieve cardiac tamponade and/or for diagnostic investigation)

phlebectomy

excision of a vein

valvuloplasty

surgical repair of a valve (cardiac or venous)

angiograph

radiographic imaging of blood vessels (the procedure is named for the vessel to be studied, e.g., femoral angiography or coronary angiography)

angioscopy

visual examination (of the inside) of a blood vessel

aortogram

radiographic image of the aorta (after an injection of contrast media)

arteriogram

radiographic image of an artery (after an injection of contrast media)

venogram

radiographic image of a vein (after an injection of contrast media)

echocardiogram (ECHO)

record of the heart (structure and motion) using sound (waves); (used to detect valvular disease and evaluate heart function)