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Monopolistic Competition
A market structure with many firms selling products that are substitutes but different enough that each firm's demand curve slopes downward; firm entry is relatively easy.
Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition
-Price makers
-Barriers to entry are low
-Enough sellers that they behave competitively
-Can act independently or interdependently
Product Differentiation
-Physical differences
-Location
-Services
-Product Image
Excess Capacity
The difference between a firm's profit-maximizing quantity and the quantity that minimizes average cost.
Oligopoly
A market structure characterized by a few firms whose behavior is interdependent.
Undifferentiated Oligopoly
An oligopoly that sells a commodity or a product that does not differ across suppliers, such as an ingot of steel or a barrel of oil.
Differentiated Oligopoly
An oligopoly that sells products that differ across suppliers, such as automobiles or breakfast cereal.
Collusion
An agreement among firms to increase economic profit by dividing the market or fixing the prices.
Cartel
A group of firms that agree to coordinate the production and pricing decisions to act like a monopolist. Ex: OPEC
Price Leader
A firm whose price is adopted by other firms in the industry.