Anatomical Kinesiology

Exam 1

What is anatomical position good for?

Reference point

What is fundamental position?

Same as anatomical position but with the arms at the side with palms facing inward.

Anterior

In front or in the front

Anteroinferior

In front and below

Anterolateral

In front and to the outside

Anteromedial

In front and toward the inner side or midline

Anteroposterior

Relating to both front and rear

Anterosuperior

In front and above

Bilateral

Referring to both right and left sides of the body

Caudal

Below in relation to another structure, inferior

Caudalcephalad

Directionally from tail to head in the long axis of the body

Cephalic

Above in relation to a higher structure, higher, superior

Cephalocaudal

Directionally from head to tail in the long axis of the body

Contralateral

Opposite side of the body

• ex: right arm, left leg

Deep

Beneath or below the surface

• used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue

Dexter

Relating to, or situated to the right or on the right side of something

Distal

Situated from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin

Dorsal (dorum)

Relating to the back, being or located near, on, or toward the back, posterior part, or upper surface of, also relating to the top of the foot

Fibular

Relating to the fibular (lateral) side of the knee, leg, ankle, or foot

Interior (infra)

Below in relation to another structure, caudal

Inferolateral

Below and to the outside

Inferomedial

Below and toward the midline or inside

Ipsilateral

On the same side

• ex: right arm, right leg

Lateral

On or to the side, outside, farther from the median or midsagittal

Medial

Relating to the middle or center, nearer to the median or midsagittal

Median

Relating to, located in, or extending to the middle, situated in the middle, medial

Palmar

Relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand

Plantar

Relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot

Posterior

Behind, in back, or in the rear

Posteroinferior

Behind or in back and below

Posterolateral

Behind and to one side, specifically to the outside

Posteromedial

Behind and to the outside

Posterosuperior

Behind or in back and above

Prone

Face downward position of the body, lying on the stomach

Proximal

Nearest to the trunk or point of origin

Proximodistal

From the center of the body toward the distal ends of the appendages

Radial

Relating to the radial (radius) side of the forearm or hand

Scapular Plane

In line with the normal resting position of the scapula as it lies on the posterior rib cage

• movements in the scapular plane are in line with the scapular

  • which is at the angle of 30-45 degrees from the frontal plane

Sinister

Related to, or situated to the left, or on the left side of, something

Superficial

Near the surface, used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue

Superior (supra)

Above in relation to another structure, higher, cephalic

Superolateral

Above and to the outside

Supromedial

Above and toward the midline or inside

Supine

Face upward position of the body, lying on the back

Tibial

Relating to the tibial (medial) side of the leg, knee, ankle, or foot

Ulnar

Relating to the ulnar (medial) side of the forearm or hand

Ventral

Relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part of

Volar

Relating to the palm or the hand or palm of the foot

What are the three plane of motion?

Sagittal, Transverse (horizontal), Frontal (lateral)

Sagittal Plane

• Right to left

• Axis of rotation — frontal

• Flexion and extension

Transverse (horizontal) Plane

• Top and bottom

• Axis of rotation — vertical

• Internal and external rotation

• Horizontal abduction and adduction

Frontal Plane

• Back to front

• Axis of rotation — sagittal

• Abduction and adduction

• Lateral Flexion

Skeletal system functions

• Protection

• Support

• Movement

• Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)

• Hemopoiesis (production of red blood cells)

Axial Skeleton

Head, spine, thorax

Appendicular Skeleton

Upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip girdles

Synovial Joints

• Movement oriented

• Designed for function and flexibility

What makes a synovial joint?

• Articular cartilage

• Joint capsule

• Synovial membrane

• Synovial fluid

• Joint cavity

6 Types of synovial joints

1. Hinge (ginglymus)

2. Ball and socket (enarthrodial)

3. Pivot (trochoidal)

4. Gliding (arthrodial)

5. Saddle (sellar)

6. Ellipsoid (condyloid)

Hinge Joint

A uniaxial joint that permits motion in one plane

• Ginglymus

• flexion and extension

• talocrural joint

• tibiofemoral joint

Ball and Socket Joint

A joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone

• enarthrodial

• flexion and extension

• abduction and adduction

• glenohumeral joint

Pivot Joint

A uniaxial joint that allows for rotation around a central axis

• trochoidal

• atlas axis

• radial ulnar joint

Gliding Joint

A nonaxial joint where flat bone surfaces glide pr slide over one another

• arthrodial

• acromioclavicular joint

• carpals and tarsals

Saddle Joint

A biaxial joint where both articulating surfaces are shaped like a saddle, allowing for movement in two planes and some circumduction

• sellar

• thumb

• sternoclavicular joint

Condyloid

A biaxial joint where an oval-shaped bone ends fits into a concave surface, permitting movement in two planes

• ellipsoid

• wrist

• carpometacarpal

The 3 rules of muscles

1. Muscles only contract and relax

2. Muscles only work on joints they cross

3. Muscles work best of the direction of their fibers

Nervous System and motion

• Receive information from sensory afferents

• Interpret, organize and plan

• Activate motor units via efferent motor nerves

Motor Unit

• Efferent nerve

• Once the motor unit turns on, muscles contract

Types of muscle actions

Concentric - active tension as it shortens, overcomes an applied resistance

Eccentric - muscles lengthening with active tension

Isometric - tension is developed in muscle without joint action

Agonist/ Prime Mover

Agonist - any muscle that contributes to a specific joint action in a plane of movement

Prime mover - main agonist

Synergist

Guiding muscle

Muscles assisting the agonist

Antagonist

Performs opposite of agonist

• allows agonist to move

• eccentric

Neutralizers

Muscles that contract or prevents actions of other bones/joints

Contracts to resist undesirable movement

Stabilizer

Stabilize a joint

Control arthrokinematics

Proximal stability = distal mobility

How many tarsal bones are in the foot?

26

What pair of joint actions does this muscle produce?

Plantar flexion, inversion

Which tendon inserts at the base of the highlighted bone?

Extensor digitorum brevis

During the lifting phase of the squat, select the correct pair of muscle contraction and muscle performing the contraction. 

Gastrocnemius : concentric

This muscle originates at the head and proximal 1/2 to 2/3 of lateral side of fibula and inserts by crossing the plantar surface of foot to attach to lateral sides of medial (1st) cuneiform and 1st metatarsal.

Fibularis longus

What structure is highlighted?

anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

What joint action at the ankle is occuring during the lowering phase of a squat?

Dorsiflexion

What structure is highlighted?

Talus

Select the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint. (multiple answer)

calcaneofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament, anterior talofibular ligament

Inversion and eversion at the ankle take place at the talocrural joint.

False

During the lowering phase of the squat, select the correct pair of muscle contraction and muscle performing the contraction. 

Gastrocnemius : eccentric

Which of the following correctly lists the compartments of the lower leg?

Anterior, Lateral, Superficial Posterior, Deep Posterior

When concentrically contracted the anterior tibialis can create both dorsiflexion and inversion. 

True

The tibialis anterior attaches distally into which bone?

Medial cuneiform

Please check all the muscles that invert the foot. (multiple answer)

Tibialis posterior, Flexor hallucis longus, Tibialis anterior