Complete (?) Chapter 4: Psychological Self

IDK

Anthropology

The study of human beings, people, and cultures in the past and today.

Anthropos

The Greek word meaning "human beings."

Logos

The Greek word meaning "study" or "science."

Biological/Physical Anthropology

A branch of anthropology concerned with human biology, physical characteristics, and human evolution.

Human Paleontology

The study of the emergence of humans and their later evolution, using fossils to help prove human evolution.

Human Variation

The study of human biology, including how people adapt to where they live, how bodies change over time, and why human populations differ in biological or physical characteristics.

Out of Africa Hypothesis

The hypothesis that modern humans originated in Africa; identified in the slides as the most supported hypothesis.

Multiregional Hypothesis

A hypothesis concerning human origins in which human development occurred across multiple regions.

Creation Stories

Cultural accounts explaining the origins of humans or the world, including stories such as Pan Gu and Nü Wa, Odin and Ymir, Izanami and Izanagi, Gaia, Menominee and Manabush, and Malakas and Maganda.

Evolution

The idea that all living things, including humans, change slowly over time.

Survival of the Fittest

The idea that the strong will survive while the weak will die.

Band Society

A small community bound by blood ties that is decentralized, egalitarian, has low division of labor, makes decisions collectively, and is commonly associated with hunter

Tribe

A group of bands united for a common purpose such as hunting, defense, and sharing resources; generally egalitarian, with power dispersed throughout the tribe.

Chiefdom

A transitional form between tribe and state characterized by a larger society, more developed division of labor, higher productivity, leadership, social ranking, and economic status.

State

A highly structured organization of power over a developed, complex, class

Cultural Anthropology

The study of mankind in relation to culture and an attempt to understand humanity through the concepts, rationale, and distinctions of culture.

Culture

Everything humans learn and create as members of society, including knowledge, beliefs, morals, laws, customs, arts, habits, technology, and social practices.

Material Culture

Physical things humans make and use, such as tools, buildings, and phones.

Non-Material Culture

Cultural elements such as beliefs, norms, morals, language, and traditions.

Self as Embedded in Culture

The idea that the self is shaped by culture, which guides behavior, relationships, and personal values.

Cultural Diversity

The existence of differences among cultures that encourages diversity and respect.

Self-Reflection

Examining one's roots, values, and culture to help discover one's true self.

Archaeology

The study of the past through artifacts; archaeologists update existing knowledge about history through artifacts, with many studies dealing with prehistory.

Linguistics

The study of human culture based on language.

Historical Linguistics

The study of how languages change over time and how they are related.

Descriptive or Structural Linguistics

The study of how contemporary languages may differ.

Sociolinguistics

The study of how language is used in a social context.

Bayani

A term commonly understood as coming from "Bayan," meaning homeland, referring to those who sacrifice for it; some suggest it came from "Bagani," the warrior class during the pre

Ethnology

The study of patterns of thought and behavior, including comparisons of cultural practices such as marriage rituals and child

Society

The structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction.

Values

Personal or socially preferable modes of conduct or states of existence that are enduring; abstract ideas about what is good, right, and desirable.

Customs

Social rules and guidelines that direct appropriate behavior for specific situations within cultures.

Sanctions

A mechanism of social control through which society encourages conformity to customs.

Folkways

Norms of little moral significance, such as dress codes, table manners, and timeliness.

Mores

Norms central to the functioning of social life that may bring serious retribution when violated, such as for thievery or adultery.

Symbols

Verbal or nonverbal, written or unwritten representations that convey meaning and reflect the culture of a particular group.

Social Status Symbols

Symbols that can imply a certain level of social status.