Biological Compounds and Biomolecules

These flashcards cover key concepts about biological compounds, their properties, structures, and functions as discussed in the lecture.

What is the definition of a polar molecule in terms of water?

A polar molecule has a positive and negative end that allows hydrogen bonds between water molecules, giving water its important properties.

What is one of the key properties of water as a solvent?

Polar molecules can dissolve in water and are able to be transported.

What role does water play in photosynthesis?

Water is a reactant in photosynthesis.

What is the significance of high specific heat of water?

A lot of energy is required to change the temperature of water, helping to stabilize aquatic and cellular environments.

What are the two isomers of glucose mentioned?

Alpha-glucose and beta-glucose.

What is the general form of an amino acid?

An amino acid consists of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group.

What forms when two amino acids link together?

A dipeptide.

What is the primary structure of proteins?

The sequence of amino acids as coded by the DNA.

What type of bonds create the secondary structure of proteins?

Hydrogen bonds between the amino acids in the chain.

What characterizes the tertiary structure of a protein?

It is formed by hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds, and ionic bonds that create a specific folded structure.

What is quaternary structure in proteins?

It involves more than one polypeptide chain linked together to form a molecule.

How is a glycosidic bond formed?

By linking monosaccharides through a condensation reaction, releasing one molecule of water.

What is the polymer form of glucose found in plants?

Starch, which is composed of amylose and amylopectin.

What test is used to detect the presence of starch?

Iodine solution, which turns blue/black in positive tests.

What is the function of triglycerides?

Energy storage, insulation, and protection.

What defines phospholipids?

Glycerol linked to two fatty acids and a phosphate molecule, forming a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.

What is a characteristic of saturated fats?

They have only single carbon-to-carbon bonds.

Why is a high intake of saturated fats concerning?

It raises low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, contributing to heart disease.