APSC study guide 1

Livestock

farm animals as asset (animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce certain commodities)

Developing Country

low progressed economy, low industrialization & human developed index

Poultry 

domestic foul: chicken, turkey, ducks & geese (domesticated birds raised for meat, eggs, or feathers)

By-product

secondary product made during the manufacture of something else, typically of considerably less value

Applied Research

Solve practical/real world problems or achieve specific commercial objectives

Companion Animals 

animal raised for companionship with humans

Carcass

what is left after the removal of the head, hide, and internal organs. Represents portion of the animal that’s typically processed into meat for consumption or other commercial purposes.

Feed:gain

amount of feed required per unit of weight gain in an animal

Xenotransplantation

grafting or transplanting organs or tissues between members of different species

Developed country

sovereign state with a highly progressed economy, advanced technological infrastructure, and generally high standard of living

Meat

the remains of animal tissue meant for consumption

Gain:Feed

amount of gain per unit of feed consumed

Basic research

understanding mechanisms of action/phenomena — how or why something occurs

Bovine

relates to or affects cattles

Cow

female bovine that’s given birth

calving

act of giving birth in cattle

maternal breed

excel at mothering, raising offspring, producing milk

Calf

young male or female bovine typically under 1 year of age

bull

uncastrated male cow

Beef

meat from cows

Terminal breed

excel at growth, feed efficiency, and carcass yield

heifer

female who has not given birth yet

Steer

castrated male cow 

Herd

group of cattle

Dual-purpose breed

have good maternal and terminal characteristics

Calf crop percentage

number of calved produced per 100 cows in the breeding herd

grain-finished beef

majority of life on pasture may or may not be given antibiotics no special labeling

Gestation

pregnancy period

Ruminant

4 compartments to the stomach chews cud

Castrate

neutered doesn’t have the compartments to breed

Yardage

cost of grain that are not feed

Certified Organic

organically grown cattle never receives antibiotics or growth-promoting hormone grass/grain HAS to be organic

Grass-fed beef

animal spends entire life eating grass or forage may be given antibiotics or hormones

Parturition

action of giving birth

Intensive housing

• High labor and capital

• Small area of land 

• Often indoor, climate controlled

• Farmer regularly sees animals

Stocker

they buy weaned calves to raise on pasture until they sell them around 1+ years old

Puberty

age where animal reaches sexual maturity

Naturally raised/never ever

cattle never receives antibiotic/growth promoting hormones grass/grain doesn’t have to be organic

Estrus

“heat” where females are ready to breed (fuck)

Freemartin

a female calf born twin to a bull calf (approximately 90% will be infertile)

Extensive housing

• Limited labor and capital

• Animals scattered across large area of land

•  Outdoor

•  Animal harvests own feed

•  Animal seen daily or less frequently

Seedstock

• Specialized cow/calf system

• Offspring developed to breeding age

• Provide genetics for commercial producer

• Advertisement – show ring, magazines

Head

singular unit in group of cattle (can apply to other species)

Tie Stall

• Confined to specific stall

•  Stand up and lie down, can’t turn around

•  Bedded

Herringbone parlor 

45 degree angle to operators pit like parking lots!

Colostrum

first milk given by
first milk given by female after birthing
• High in antibodies
• Passive immunity

Total mixed ration

combination mix of forage & grain

Bovine somatotropin

hormone naturally produced by cattle
• Regulates growth
• Increases milk production

Free stall

• Alley with pens on sides
  • Group cows into pens
  • Cows may move freely between
  stall and feed area
  • Can select individual stall

Rotary Parlor

circular platform rotates slowly allowing cows to be milked simultaneously

Transition Cow

Last 3 weeks gestation to 3 weeks postpartum
• Most stressful event
• Diet changes
• Increased energy, protein requirements
• Supressed dry matter intake (DMI)
• Suppression of immune system – metabolic and health disorders

Mastitis

infection of the udder

Milk fever

low blood calcium

Veal

meat from calves

Parallel Parlor

in a straight line facing away from central walkway

Robotic Parlor

cows are milked using robots individually

Dry off

stop milking cow or reduce the feed so they stop producing milk

Lamb

Young sheep

Kid

Young goat

Ewe

lamb - female (young female goat)

Buck

intact male goat

Kidding

act of giving birth (goat ver.)

Flock

band of goat/sheep

Seasonal breeder

only breed during specific times of the year

Crutching

Cutting away of dirty, wet wool from around the tail and between the rear legs of the sheep so no bacteria/maggots come during lambing

Urinary Calculi

kidney stones caused by inadequate Ca:P ratio feed

Doeling

young female goat

doe

adult female goat

Wether

castrated male sheep/goat

Mutton

meat from an adult sheep
(> 1 yr of age)

Prolific

produces offspring (a lot)

Teaser Ram

non-fertile males used to detect females in heat

Docking

cutting off the tail prevents feces build-up on tail & buttocks

Foot Rot

Lameness
• Treatment – systemic medication,
severe foot trimming and cleaning

caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum aneorbic bacteria by moisture

Buckling

young male goat

Ram

intact male sheep

Lambing

acting of giving birth (sheep)

Chevon

meat from goats

Mohair

long silky hair of angora goat lots of fiber

Marking Harness

Worn by ram, leaves mark on females that have been bred

Enterotoxemia

overeating disease 

High nutritional state animals
• Clostridium perfringens C and D
• Vaccine available

Pregnancy Toxemia/ketosis

“Twin lambing disease”
• Most common in ewes carrying
multiples, rare in goats
• High energy demands break down
body fat – hypoglycemia
• Feed high energy grains in late
gestation

Colt

young male horse

Mare

mature female horse

foaling

act of giving birth (horse)

Filly

young female horse

Gelding

Castrated Male

Stallion

intact male

Herd

Group of horses

pony

Small breed of a horse

Hand

unit of measurement for horses, equivalent to 4 inches

Trot

diagonal 2-beat gait

Colic

abdominal pain
• Variety of causes
• Can be fatal
• Prevention critic

Foal

Young baby horse

draft horse

heaviest horse type known for horse shows, or heavy duty work 600lb 

Wither

Ridge between the shoulder blades

Canter

3-beat gate

Gallop

fastest gait 4-beats