AP European History Final Review

Franco-Prussian War

(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Treaty of Frankfurt

The end of the Franco-Prussian War, which ceded the territories of Alsace and most of Lorraine to Germany

Frankfurt assembly

(1848) German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany, but failed

Danish war

In 1864 after three months of fighting Denmark surrendered to Prussia and Austria. They were forced to give up two duchies, Prussia would administer Schleswig and Austria would administer Holstein.

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)

Unification of Italy

1860, rooted in romantic nationalism, Mazzini spread revolutionary ideas, Cavour allied with France and used plebiscites to annex states, and garibaldi led an armed expedition south

Seven Weeks War

In 1866 Bismarck provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia, and then in very efficient manner Prussia, with the use of new technology, shocked the world by quickly defeating Austria in seven weeks.

Crimean war

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Baron Haussmann

city planner used by Napoleon III to improve and beautify Paris. Boulevardes/wide avenues were established (facilitated military movement). Public squares were constructed, This planning and improvement stimulated business and increased employment in Paris.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

first President of France (1848-1852) and later Emperor (1852-1870). He was the nephew of Napoleon I, known for modernizing France and leading during the Second French Empire, until his downfall after the Franco-Prussian War.

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

Compromise of 1867

created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Louis Philippe

1830 -1848 , during the July Monarchy, Initially popular for his liberal stance, his reign ended as economic hardship and political unrest led to his overthrow during the 1848 Revolution. He fled to England, where he lived in exile until his death

July Monarchy

Period in France (1830-1848) where the bourgeoisie class was dominant and King Louis-Philippe was at the head of a constitutional monarchy. The monarchy eventually became too rigid and unwilling to change and was overthrown

Factory act of 1833

An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.

Reform bill of 1832

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain

James Watt & The Steam Engine

He invented a more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769. It superseded the early models. The steam engine was a breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes

Classical liberalism

The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production

Luddites

Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment

Edwin Chadwick

This was a public health official who wrote reports on the poor living conditions of the cities and believed that poverty was caused by illnesses

Richard Ackwright

invented the waterframe

Thomas R Malthus

known for his studies on population and labor during the Industrial Revolution. He authored "Essay on the Principle of Population," where he argued that population growth could outpace food supply, leading to societal challenges.

Ricardo's iron law of wages

economic theory suggesting that wages naturally tend toward a level that only allows workers to subsist. According to David Ricardo, any wage increase would lead to population growth, which would then drive wages back down to the subsistence level

Louis Blanc

Authored the idea of "Social workshops" and state supported manufacturing centers to ensure employment for all

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.

Congress of Troppau

1820 meeting among the major European powers, part of the Concert of Europe. It addressed revolutionary movements in Europe, affirming the right to intervene in countries experiencing revolutions that threatened monarchies, reinforcing conservative policies post-Napoleonic Wars.

Corn laws

1815 laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially

Charles X of France

Charles X was King of France from 1824-1830. Known for his conservative and pro-monarchist policies, his reign ended with the July Revolution of 1830, which forced him to abdicate and led to the rise of the July Monarchy under Louis Philippe.

Ten Hours Act of 1847

limited the workday to 10 hours for women a and children who worked in factories

Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle

1818 meeting of European powers to discuss post-Napoleonic order. It marked France's reintegration into European diplomacy, withdrawing occupying armies and addressing issues like the abolition of the slave trade

Congress of Verona

last of the post-Napoleonic peace conferences. It focused on the Spanish Revolution, leading to French intervention in Spain to restore Ferdinand VII, and discussed issues like Italian affairs and Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire

Adam Smith

18th-century economist and philosopher, authored "The Wealth of Nations," which laid the foundations for classical economics and introduced concepts like the invisible hand and free markets.

Charist Movement

1838-1850s, sought political reforms including universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and pay for MPs. It emerged from working-class discontent and aimed to make the political system more inclusive and democratic

Radicalism (England 1820s)

Supported parliamentary reform and suffrage for men, asserted their rights

Republicanism

Fought for parliamentary government and suffrage of men- also wanted French Revolution to go further

December Revolt of 1825

Russian military officers led an unsuccessful uprising against Tsar Nicholas I. They sought to establish a constitutional monarchy or a republic, but the revolt was quickly suppressed, leading to harsh reprisals

Nicolas I

Tsar from 1825 -1855, autocratic rule and conservative policies, suppression of the Decembrist Revolution, expansion of the Russian Empire, and involvement in the Crimean War, ultimately straining the Russian economy and military

Peninsular War

1808-1814, military conflict during Napoleonic Wars, Spain and Portugal with British support fought against French occupation. It weakened Napoleon's forces and contributed to his eventual downfall by draining resources and sparking nationalist resistance.

Third Coalition against France

1805-1806, alliance between Britain, Austria, Russia, and others against Napoleon's France. Notable for the Battle of Austerlitz, which ended in a decisive French victory, leading to the collapse of the coalition

Peace of Amiens

1802, a temporary peace agreement between France and the Second Coalition, including Britain. It ended hostilities during the Napoleonic Wars but lasted only a year before conflict resumed, marking a brief period of peace in Europe.

Battle of Trafalgar

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson

Berlin decree

1806-issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control

Louis XIV

1643-1715, known as the "Sun King," he centralized power, built the Palace of Versailles, and expanded French influence through wars, dominating European politics

Louis XV

1715-1774, grandson of Louis XIV, his reign saw economic decline and discontent, setting the stage for the French Revolution due to fiscal mismanagement and unpopular wars.

Louis XVI

1774-1792, last king before the French Revolution, executed in 1793. Known for indecisiveness and financial crisis management, leading to the fall of the monarchy

Louis XVIII

1814-1824 (with a break during the Hundred Days), restored Bourbon king after Napoleon. His reign balanced conservative restoration with some revolutionary changes

Holy Alliance

1815, coalition of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Formed after the Napoleonic Wars to promote Christian values and maintain monarchies, it aimed to suppress revolutionary movements and preserve the conservative order in Europe

1. National Assembly

1789-1791, formed with third estate representatives to draft a new constitution, it laid the groundwork for a constitutional monarchy, replacing the absolute rule of the Ancien Régime

2. Legislative assembly

1791-1792, succeeded the National Assembly, operated under the new constitution, faced internal strife and external threats, leading to the fall of the monarchy

3. National convention

1792-1795, declared France a republic, abolished the monarchy, and oversaw the Reign of Terror, marked by radical reforms and execution of Louis XVI

4. Directory

1795-1799, a five-member committee governing after the Reign of Terror, known for corruption and inefficiency, eventually overthrown by Napoleon's coup.

Concordat of 1801

This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power

Abbe Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?

1789 pamphlet by Abbé Sieyès arguing the Third Estate, representing the common people, was the true nation of France. It criticized social inequality and called for political reform, influencing revolutionary thought

Thomas Paine, Rights of Man

work defending the French Revolution and advocating for natural rights, democracy, and social justice. It argued against monarchy and hereditary government, promoting political reform and equality

Leopold II

1790-1792, Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of Austria. Attempted to maintain stability in Europe during the French Revolution by forming coalitions against revolutionary France. Advocated for moderate reforms and balance between conservative and liberal forces

Jacobins

Radical political group during the French Revolution, led by figures like Robespierre, they advocated for republicanism, centralized control, dechristianization- Reign of Terror, aiming to protect the revolution and implement egalitarian reforms

Girdondins

Moderate political faction during the French Revolution, Favored a decentralized government and opposed the radical Jacobins. Initially supported the war against Austria but were later purged during the Reign of Terror.

Montagnards

Radical faction in the National Convention during the French Revolution, aligned with the Jacobins. Represented the interests of Parisian sans-culottes, advocated for centralized power and played a key role in the Reign of Terror

Sans Culottes

Working-class revolutionaries during French Revolution, radical views, they supported the Jacobins and Montagnards, pushing for social and economic equality, and direct action against perceived enemies of the revolution

Francis II of HRE

1792-1806, last Holy Roman Emperor. After the empire's dissolution, became Francis I of Austria (1804-1835). His reign marked by conflicts with Napoleonic France and efforts to maintain Habsburg influence in Europe.

Rene Descartes

7th-century French philosopher and mathematician, known for "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), Cartesian dualism, and the deductive method.

John Locke, Second Treatise of Government

17th-century English philosopher, known as the "Father of Liberalism." He advocated for natural rights, social contract theory, and influenced Enlightenment thought and democratic governance

Francis Bacon

16th-17th century English philosopher and statesman, known for developing the scientific method. He promoted empirical research and inductive reasoning

Geocentric theory

Earth is the center of the Universe

Heliocentric theory

Sun is the center of the universe

Tycho Brahe

(1546-1601) established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572

Thomas Hobbes

17th-century English philosopher, known for his work "Leviathan." He argued for a strong central authority to avoid chaos, advocating social contract theory and political absolutism

Johannesburg Kepler

16th-17th century German astronomer, known for his laws of planetary motion. He provided key insights into the heliocentric model, influencing the Scientific Revolution

Galileo Galilei

16th-17th century Italian astronomer and physicist, known for his support of heliocentrism and improvements to the telescope. laid the groundwork for modern physics and astronomy

Walpole

Early 18th-century British statesman, considered the first de facto Prime Minister of Great Britain. Served from 1721 to 1742, known for stabilizing the British economy, developing the cabinet system, and maintaining peace through diplomacy

Cardinal Fleury

Early 18th-century French statesman and Cardinal, chief minister to King Louis XV from 1726 to 1743. Known for stabilizing France's finances, promoting peace, and fostering economic growth through prudent fiscal policies

Treaty of Paris of 1763

Treaty ending the Seven Years war. reduced French global influence, bolstered British power, and altered European power dynamics, leading to future territorial and trade conflicts

Pragmatic Sanction

This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler

Treaty of Westphalia

1648, ended the Thirty Years' War, established state sovereignty and religious tolerance, reshaping Europe's political and religious landscape

Thirty years war

1618-1648, primarily fought in the Holy Roman Empire; weakening the Habsburgs France and Sweden gained influence, while the Peace of Westphalia established a new balance of power focused on state sovereignty

Seven Years war

1756-1763, confirmed British colonial supremacy and weakened French influence globally. It redefined colonial possessions, with Britain gaining Canada and India, altering European and global power dynamics

Battle of Jutland

Only real naval battle of the WWI. May 1916. German Baltic fleet met Brits of coast of Denmark. Germans inflicted heavy British losses but failed to break British blockade. German fleet retreated to Baltic and stayed there. British naval supremacy confirmed but British were unable to defeat German fleet completely in order to service Russia through the Baltic

Charles I of England

1600-1649; King of England 1625-1649; numerous conflicts with Parliament; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; eventually provoked Civil War, convicted of treason, and beheaded

1. Fredrick William "great elector"

1640-1688, strengthened Brandenburg-Prussia through military reforms and centralized power, laying the groundwork for its rise as a European power by consolidating territories and building a strong army

2. Fredrick III

1701-1713, first King in Prussia, elevated Prussia's status from duchy to kingdom, enhancing its prestige and influence within the Holy Roman Empire and Europe.

3. Fredrick William I

1713-1740, focused on military expansion and discipline, creating a strong, efficient army and a centralized, financially stable state, setting the stage for Prussian power

4. Frederick III "the great"

1740-1786, expanded Prussia through military victories, notably in the Seven Years' War. He modernized the administration and economy, solidifying Prussia as a major European power

Henry II of France

1547-1559, King of France; strengthened monarchy, continued Italian Wars, and expanded royal authority. His reign was marked by religious conflict, and his accidental death led to a period of instability and the Wars of Religion

Edict of Nantes

1598, issued by Henry IV of France; granted religious tolerance and civil rights to Huguenots, ending the French Wars of Religion. It established a degree of religious coexistence, stabilizing France until its revocation in 1685 by Louis XIV

Catherine de Medici

1519-1589, Queen of France and influential regent for her sons. Known for her political acumen, she played a key role in navigating the French Wars of Religion, balancing power between Catholic and Protestant factions, and promoting royal authority

French wars of religion

1562-1598, a series of conflicts between Catholics and Huguenots in France. Marked by events like the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, these wars ended with the Edict of Nantes, granting religious tolerance and stabilizing France under Henry IV

War of the Three Henrys

1587-1589, the final conflict in the French Wars of Religion. It involved King Henry III, Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV), and Henry of Guise, ending with Henry of Navarre's victory and eventual conversion to Catholicism to secure the French throne

Gustavus Adolphus

1611-1632, King of Sweden played a crucial role in the Thirty Years' War, supporting Protestant forces and enhancing Sweden's influence in Europe until his death in battle

Fredrick V (he caused a war)

His acceptance of the bohemian crown triggered the thirty years war

Emperor Ferdinand of HRE

1619-1637, his reign was marked by the Thirty Years' War. A staunch Catholic, he sought to restore Catholic dominance in the Holy Roman Empire

Council of troubles

1567-1576, aimed to suppress Protestant rebellion in Spain and led to mass executions and persecution, intensifying resistance against Spanish rule

Mary queen of Scot's

1542-1587, Queen of Scotland, abdicated and was Imprisoned by Elizabeth I of England, she was executed for her alleged involvement in plots against Elizabeth's life

William of Orange

1533-1584, also known as William the Silent, led the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule, founding the Dutch Republic. As a key figure in the Eighty Years' War, he championed Protestantism and independence, becoming a symbol of Dutch national identity

1500s Social classes:

Dominated by the Nobility and Peasantry. Nobles held power and land, influencing politics. Peasants, the majority, faced hardships under feudal systems, but began experiencing change with early economic shifts

1600s social classes

Marked by the rise of the Bourgeoisie and influence of the Clergy. The bourgeoisie gained economic power through trade, challenging aristocratic dominance, while the clergy's role evolved through religious reforms